SOCIAL SCIENCES/SOCIAL STUDIES

SOCIAL SCIENCE/SOCIAL STUDIES

LET REVIEW MATERIAL

NOTES/TOPICS IN SOCIAL STUDIES/SOCIAL SCIENCES

GEOGRAPHY

1. Largest Continent:

Asia, 17,212,000 square miles

2. Smallest Continent:

Australia, 3,132,000 square miles

3. Highest Mountain:

Mount Everest, Himalayan Mountains, Nepal-Tibet, 29,035 feet above sea level

4. Lowest Point on Land:

The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, water surface 1,349 feet below sea level

5. Deepest Underwater Trench:

Mariana Trench, 200 miles southwest of Guam in the Pacific Ocean, 36,198 feet below the ocean surface

6. Largest Sea:

The Mediterranean Sea, 1,144,800 square miles

7. Highest Lake:

The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru, 12,500 feet above sea level

8. Lowest Lake:

The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan, surface of water 1,349 feet below sea level

9. Largest Lake:

Caspian Sea, 152,239 square miles

10. Largest Freshwater Lake:

Lake Superior, U.S.-Canada, 31,820 square miles

11. Deepest Ocean:

Pacific Ocean, average depth 13,215 feet

12. Largest Ocean:

Pacific Ocean, 60,060,700 square miles

13. Smallest Ocean:

Arctic Ocean, 5,427,000 square miles

14. Largest Gulf:

Gulf of Mexico, 615,000 square miles

15. Largest Bay:

The Bay of Bengal, 1,300,000 square miles

16. Largest Island:

Greenland, 839,999 square miles

17. Largest Peninsula:

Arabia, 1,250,000 square miles

18. Largest Archipelago:

Indonesia, 3,500-mile stretch of 17,000 islands

19. Largest Gorge:

Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona, U.S., 217 miles long, 4–18 miles wide, 1 mile deep

20. Deepest Gorge:

Hells Canyon, Snake River, Idaho, 7,900 feet deep

21. Longest Mountain Range:

The Andes of South America, 5,000 miles

22. Longest River:

The Nile, Africa, 4,180 miles

23. Shortest River:

The Roe, Montana, U.S., 200 feet long

24. Largest River:

The Amazon, South America, basin of 2,500,000 square miles

25. Longest Estuary:

Ob River, Russia, 550 miles long, up to 50 miles wide

26. Largest Lagoon:

Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil, 150 miles long, 4,500 square miles

27. Largest Waterfall:

Angel Falls, Venezuela, 3,212 feet high

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Filipino Writers

(pseudonyms / pen names)

311

Antonio K. Abad

Akasia

Jose Abreu

Kaibigan

Macario Adriatico

Amaori, C. Amabri and Felipe Malayo

Faustino Aguilar

Sinag-Ina

Emilio Aguinaldo

Magdalo

Virgilio Almario

Rio Alma

Pascual Alvarez

Bagongbuhay

Aurelio Alvero

Magtanggul Asa

Cecilio Apostol

Catulo, Calipso and Calypso

Francisco Arcellana

Franz Arcellana

Pedro de Govantes de Azcarraga

Conde de Albay

Francisco dela Cruz Balagtas

Francisco Baltazar

Asuncion Lopez Bantug (Rizal’s grand niece)

Apo ni Dimas

Jose Ma. Basa

Isaac Fernando delos Rios

Bautista

Ba Basiong

Gen. Vito Belarmino

Blind Veteran

Andres Bonifacio

Agapito Bagumbayan, while his inspiring Katipunan name was Maypagasa

Felipe Calderon

Simoun and Elias (names from Rizal’s novels)

José Corazón de Jesús

Huseng Batute

Jose dela Cruz

Huseng Sisiw

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat,Siling Labuyo, Kupang, Haitalaga, Patos,Carmelo, D.A. Murgas, L.O. Crame D.M. Calero, Hilario, and M. Dati.

Severino de las Alas

Di-kilala

Epifanio delos Santos

G. Solon

Valeriano Hernandez Peña

Ahas na Tulog, Anong, Damulag, Dating Alba, Isang Dukha, Kalampag and Kintin Kulirat

Severino Reyes

Lola Basyang

Mariano del Rosario

Tito-Tato

Salvador Vivencio del Rosario

X and Juan Tagalo

Domingo Gomez

Romero Franco

Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez

N.V.M. Gonzalez

Fernando Ma. Guerrero

Fluvio Gil

Amado Hernandez

Amante Ernani, Herininia de la Riva andJulio Abril

Emilio Jacinto

Dimas-ilaw and his Katipunan name wasPingkian

Nick Joaquin

Quijano de Manila

Jesus Lava

B. Ambrosio Rianzares

Sixto Lopez

Batulaw

Gen. Antonio Luna

Taga-Ilog

Juan Luna

J.B. and Buan (a translation of his surname Luna which means moon)

Apolinario Mabini

Bini and Paralitico

Jose Palma

Ana-haw, Esteban Estebanes and Gan Hantik

Rafael Palma

Hapon and Dapit-Hapon

Jose Maria Panganiban

Jomapa and J.M.P.

Pascual H. Poblete

Anak-Bayan

Mariano Ponce

Naning, Tikbalang, and Kalipulako

Dr. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

José Rizal, Dimas-alang (Tagalog for Touch me not), Laong-Laan (which means Ever-prepared), Agno and Calambeño

Hugo Salazar

Ambut

Moises Salvador

Araw

Jose Turiano Santiago

Tiktik

Lope K. Santos

Anak-Bayan and Doctor Lukas

Juan Crisostomo Soto

Crissot

Luis Taruc

Alipato (which means spark that spreads a fire and one of Rizal’s pet dogs)

Jose Ma. Sison

Amado Guerrero

Dr. Pio Valenzuela

Madlang-Away

Clemente Jose Zulueta

M. Kaun

J. Zulueta

Juan Totoó

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Presidents of the Philippines: Their Achievements and Contributions

Updated on March 11, 2015

Since independence in 1898 and the ratification of the Philippine Constitution in the First Republic, there have been 15 presidents. Starting with General Emilio Aguinaldo all the way to current president Benigno Aquino, this article details each president's particular contributions and achievements while in office.

1. Emilio Aguinaldo 1899-1901

One way to remember the first president of the Philippines First Republic is to look at the five peso coin. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's face used to grace the five peso bill (which is not used anymore). The back of the bill shows him holding the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day.

Contributions and Achievements:

first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolo Republic)

signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish and Philippine revolutionaries

known as the President of the Revolutionary Government

led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War

youngest president, taking office at age 28

longest-lived president, passing away at 94

2. Manuel L. Quezon, 1935-1944

After 34 years of Insular Government under American rule, Philippine voters elected Manuel Luis Quezon first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. He is known as the “Father of National Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.

Contributions and Achievements:

first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines

first president elected through a national election

first president under the Commonwealth

created National Council of Education

initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth

approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines

appears on the twenty-peso bill

a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him

his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

3. José P. Laurel, 1943-1945

José P. Laurel's presidency is controversial. He was officially the government's caretaker during the Japanese occupation of World War II. Criticized as a traitor by some, his indictment for treason was superseded later by an amnesty proclamation in 1948.

Contributions and Achievements:

since the early 1960s, Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines

organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service to the New Philippines), a provisional government during Japanese occupation

declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdom in 1944

with his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines

4. Sergio Osmeña, 1944-1946

Sergio Osmeña was the second president of the Commonwealth. During his presidency, the Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund.

Contributions and Achievements:

became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office

first Visayan to become president

joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation

Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monetary Fund during his presidency

Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency

appears on the 50-peso bill

5. Manuel Roxas, 1946-1948

Manuel Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines: the third (and last) president under the Commonwealth, and the first president of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He held office for only one year, 10 months, and 18 days.

Contributions and Achievements:

inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II

reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency

under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by Congress

appears on the 100-peso bill

6. Elpidio Quirino, 1948-1953

Elpidio Quirino served as vice president under Manuel Roxas. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino became president.

Contributions and Achievements:

Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency

created Social Security Commission

created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption

Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948

7. Ramon Magsaysay, 1953-1957

Ramon Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He was a military governor and an engineer. He died in an aircraft disaster while boarding the presidential plane.

Contributions and Achievements:

Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency

chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs

first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during inauguration

presidency referred to as the Philippines' "Golden Years" for its lack of corruption

Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his presidency

established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other agrarian reforms

8. Carlos P. Garcia, 1957-1961

A lawyer, poet, and teacher, Carlos P. Garcia also served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War. Born in Bohol, Garcia serviced as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years. He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957.

Contributions and Achievements:

known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign investors

established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and commerce

known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”

cultural arts was revived during his term

was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani

9. Diosdado Macapagal, 1961-1965

Born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal was a lawyer and professor. His daughter Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, and second female, president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements:

established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless

placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market

declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day

signed the Minimum Wage Law

created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

10. Ferdinand Marcos, 1965-1886

Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for three years. He was president for 21 years. He ruled under martial law and his dictatorship was known for its corruption and brutality. Marcos was removed from office after the People Power Revolution.

Contributions and Achievements:

first president to win a second term

declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972

increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces

by 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972

by 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia

built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents combined

the only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt

11. Corazon Aquino, 1986-1992

The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of an Asian country, Corazon Aquino was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. She was a prominent figure in the People Power Revolution that brought down Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship. Her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., was a senator during the Marcos regime and its strongest critic. He was assassinated while Marcos was still in power.

Contributions and Achievements:

first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian country

restored democracy

abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines

reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government

signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government Code, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government

initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the needy

named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time magazine

on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino

Received honors and awards including:

100 Women Who Shaped World History

20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century

65 Great Asian Heroes

J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

12. Fidel V. Ramos, 1992-1998

Fidel V. Ramos was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines before he became president. He was also a civil engineer. As president, he restored economic growth and stability in the country, even during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. He is the first, and so far the only, non-Catholic president of the Philippines.

Contributions and Achievements:

oversaw Philippine economic growth

presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in 1998

received British Knighthood from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)

hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader's Summit in the Philippines in 1996

Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his presidency

death penalty reinstated while he was in office

signed peace agreement with the rebel Moro National Liberation Front

13. Joseph Estrada, 1998-2001

Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was the first president who had been a famous film actor. His presidency was controversial. During his years in office economic growth was slow and he faced impeachment proceedings. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001. He was later convicted of stealing from the government but was pardoned. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2010.

Contributions and Achievements:

during his presidency Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured

joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution

cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989

among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base

14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2001-2010

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th, president of the Philippines (and the second female president). The Oakwood Mutiny occurred during her term. Arroyo oversaw road and infrastructure improvements and higher economic growth that presidents before her, but there was also controversy. The so-called "Hello Garci" controversy involved recordings that allegedly captured Arroyo ordering the rigging of the election that put her in office. In 2005 Arroyo faced impeachment proceedings related to the recordings but the impeachment failed. After she had left office Arroyo faced additional charges of election fraud and misuse of state funds.

Contributions and Achievements:

second female president of the country

first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far

first president to take oath outside Luzon

former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila University, where current president Benigno Aquino III was one of her students

ex-classmate of former U.S. President Bill Clinton at Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service, where she maintained Dean’s list status

oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before her

peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007

eVAT Law was implemented under her term

currently on the 200-peso bill

15. Benigno Aquino III, 2010-present

Benigno Aquino III joined the House of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first president who is a bachelor; he is unmarried and has no children.

Contributions and Achievements:

created the no "wang-wang" (street siren) policy

appointed statesman Jesse Robredo to serve as secretary of Interior and Local Government in 2010, where Robredo served until his death in 2012

initiated K-12 education in the Philippines

renamed the Office of the Press Secretary to Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers

suspended allowances and bonuses to Government Owed and Controlled Corporation and Government Financial Institution board members

oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in 2012

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There are 18 regions of The Philippines as of May 2015

17 regions as of June 2009

A "Region" is not a Constitutional form of government and is used only for administrative management or statistics reference by the Executive branch.

National Capital Region (NCR)

Code: 130000000

No. of Provinces 0

No. of Cities 17

Caloocan City, Philippines

Las Piñas City, Philippines

Makati City, Philippines

Malabon City, Philippines

Mandaluyong City, Philippines

Manila City, Philippines

Marikina City, Philippines

Muntinlupa City, Philippines

Navotas City, Philippines

Parañaque City, Philippines

Pasay City, Philippines

Pasig City, Philippines

Pateros City, Philippines

Quezon City, Philippines

San Juan City, Philippines

Taguig City, Philippines

Valenzuela City, Philippines

No. of Barangays 1,695

Registered Voters (2009): 5,999,706

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 11,553,427

Luzon REGION I (Ilocos Region)

Code: 010000000

No. of Provinces 4

Ilocos Norte Province, Philippines

Ilocos Sur Province, Philippines

La Union Province, Philippines

Pangasinan Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 9 No. of Municipalities 116 No. of Barangays 3,265

Registered Voters (2009): 2,627,045

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 4,545,906

Luzon REGION II (Cagayan Valley)

Code: 020000000

No. of Provinces 5

Batanes Province, Philippines

Cagayan Province, Philippines

Isabela Province, Philippines

Nueva Vizcaya Province, Philippines

Quirino Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 3 No. of Municipalities 90 No. of Barangays 2,311

Registered Voters (2009): 1,735,564

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 3,051,487

Luzon REGION III (Central Luzon)

Code: 030000000

No. of Provinces 7

Aurora Province, Philippines

Bataan Province, Philippines

Bulacan Province, Philippines

Nueva Ecija Province, Philippines

Pampanga Province, Philippines

Tarlac Province, Philippines

Zambales Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 13 No. of Municipalities 117 No. of Barangays 3,102

Registered Voters (2009): 5,472,593

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 9,720,982

Luzon REGION IV-A (CALABARZON)

Code: 040000000

No. of Provinces 5

Batangas Province, Philippines

Cavite Province, Philippines

Laguna Province, Philippines

Quezon Province, Philippines

Rizal Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 12 No. of Municipalities 130 No. of Barangays 4,011

Registered Voters (2009): 6,178,557

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 11,743,110

REGION IV-B (MIMAROPA)

Code: 170000000

No. of Provinces 5

Marinduque Province, Philippines

Mindoro Occidental Province, Philippines

Mindoro Oriental Province, Philippines

Palawan Province, Philippines

Romblon Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 2 No. of Municipalities 71 No. of Barangays 1,458

Registered Voters (2009): 1,375,320

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 2,559,791

REGION V (Bicol Region)

Code: 050000000

No. of Provinces 6

Albay Province, Philippines

Camarines Norte Province, Philippines

Camarines Sur Province, Philippines

Catanduanes Province, Philippines

Masbate Province, Philippines

Sorsogon Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 7 No. of Municipalities 107 No. of Barangays 3,471

Registered Voters (2009): 2,774,327

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 5,109,798

REGION VI (Western Visayas)

Code: 060000000

No. of Provinces 6

Aklan Province, Philippines

Antique Province, Philippines

Capiz Province, Philippines

Iloilo Province, Philippines

Negros Occidental Province, Philippines

Guimaras Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 16 No. of Municipalities 117 No. of Barangays 4,051

Registered Voters (2009): 3,914,326

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 6,843,643

REGION VII (Central Visayas)

Code: 070000000

No. of Provinces 4

Bohol Province, Philippines

Cebu Province, Philippines

Negros Oriental Province, Philippines

Siquijor Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 16 No. of Municipalities 116 No. of Barangays 3,003

Registered Voters (2009): 3,655,441

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 6,398,628

REGION VIII (Eastern Visayas)

Code: 080000000

No. of Provinces 6

Eastern Samar Province, Philippines

Leyte Province, Philippines

Northern Samar Province, Philippines

Western Samar Province, Philippines

Southern Leyte Province, Philippines

Biliran Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 7 No. of Municipalities 136 No. of Barangays 4,390

Registered Voters (2009): 2,337,185

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 3,912,936

REGION IX (Zamboanga Peninsula)

Code: 090000000

No. of Provinces 3

Zamboanga del Norte Province, Philippines

Zamboanga Sibugay Province, Philippines

Zamboanga del Sur Province, Philippines

Two Independent Cities:

Isabela City, province of Basilan, Philippines

Zamboanga City, Philippines

No. of Cities 5 No. of Municipalities 67 No. of Barangays 1,904

Registered Voters (2009): 1,804,278

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 3,230,094

REGION X (Northern Mindanao)

Code: 100000000

No. of Provinces 5

Bukidnon Province, Philippines: Cities within the province of Bukidnon

Camiguin Province, Philippines

Lanao del Norte Province, Philippines

Misamis Occidental Province, Philippines

Misamis Oriental Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 9 No. of Municipalities 84 No. of Barangays 2,022

Registered Voters (2009): 2,230,538

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 3,952,437

REGION XI (Davao Region)

Code: 110000000

No. of Provinces 4 and 1 independent city

Compostela Valley Province, Philippines

Davao del Norte Province, Philippines

Davao Occidental, Philippines

Davao Oriental Province, Philippines

Davao del Sur Province, Philippines

Davao City, Philippines

No. of Cities 6 No. of Municipalities 43 No. of Barangays 1,162

Registered Voters (2009): 2,433,932

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 4,156,653

REGION XII (Socsksargen)

Code: 120000000

No. of Provinces 4 and 1 independent City

Cotabato Province, Philippines

South Cotabato Province, Philippines

Sultan Kudarat Province, Philippines

Sarangani Province, Philippines

Cotabato City, Philippines

No. of Cities 5 No. of Municipalities 45 No. of Barangays 1,194

Registered Voters (2009): 1,896,772

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 3,829,081

REGION XIII (CARAGA)

Code: 160000000

No. of Provinces 5

Agusan del Norte Province, Philippines

Agusan del Sur Province, Philippines

Surigao del Norte Province, Philippines

Surigao del Sur Province, Philippines

Dinagat Island Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 6 No. of Municipalities 67 No. of Barangays 1,310

Registered Voters (2009): 1,307,397

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 2,293,480

Luzon REGION XIV Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

Code: 140000000

No. of Provinces 6

Abra Province, Philippines

Apayao Province, Philippines

Benguet Province, Philippines

Ifugao Province, Philippines

Kalinga-Apayao Province, Philippines

Mountain Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 2 No. of Municipalities 75 No. of Barangays 1,176

Registered Voters (2009): 840,145

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 1,520,743

REGION XV - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

Code: 150000000

No. of Provinces 5

Basilan Province, Philippines - Included in 2001 except for the city of Isabela which is part of Region IX

Lamitan City, Basilan, Philippines

Lanao del Sur Province, Philippines

Marawi City - included in 2001

Maguindanao Province, Philippines

Sulu Province, Philippines

Tawi-Tawi Province, Philippines

No. of Cities 2 No. of Municipalities 113 No. of Barangays 2,470

Registered Voters (2009): 1,692,468

Population (as of Aug 1, 2007): 4,120,795

Region XVIII - NIR - Negros Island Region

Code: 180000000 No. of Provinces 2

Negros Occidental Province, Philippines -

1st Class

19 Municipalities, 13 Cities, 662 Barangays

Reg Voters: 1,478,260

Population as of 2010(census): 2,396,039

Negros Oriental Province, Philippines

1st Class

19 Municipalities, 6 Cities, 557 Barangays)

Reg Voters: 606,634

Population as of 2010(census): 1,286,666