PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT
1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing
2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another
3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity
4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently
Doing an activity
5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted
6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic
7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively
ISM’s IN EDUCATION
BEHAVIORISM – change ESSENTIALISM – basic
EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build
IDEALISM – enough in mind PERRENIALISM – constant
PRAGMATISM – practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve
REALISM – enough to see UTILITARIANISM – best
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all
AIMS OF ERAS
PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity
SPANISH – Christianity
AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life
COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency
JAPANESE – progress
PROF. ED PROPONENTS
B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning
BANDURA – Modeling
BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CARL JUNG – Psychological
CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule
EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism
ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial
IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning
JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL – Father of Kndrgrtn
PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé
JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism
JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing
JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)
KOHLERS – Insight Learning
LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development
LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding
SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual
WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological
PRINCIPLES
HEDONISM – pleasure principle
DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad
FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with will
LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things
MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. Old) – Infant
2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. Old) – Toddler
3. PHALLIC – Preschool
4. LATENCY – School Age
5. GENITAL – Adolescense
OEDIPUS – son to mom ELECTRA – daughter to dad
LAWS IN EDUCATION
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 – PILIPINO NatlLng
PROKLAMA BLG 12 – Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS
RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to
Students and Teachers in Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying
SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)
BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION
1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. Old) – action-based information
2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. Old) – image-based information
3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language
TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES
COGNITIVE:
BLOOM (LOTS) ANDERSON (HOTS)
O Knowledge
O Comprehension
O Application
O Analysis
O Synthesis
O Evaluation o Remembering
O Understanding
O Applying
O Analyzing
O Evaluating
O Creating
AFFECTIVE:
O Receiving
O Responding
O Valuing
O Organizing
O Characterization
PSYCHOMOTOR:
SIMPSON HARROW
O Perception
O Set
O Guided Response
O Mechanism
O Complex Overt Response
O Adaptation
O Origination o Reflex movement
O Fundamental Movement
O Physical Movement
O Perceptual Abilities
O Skilled Movements
O Non-discursive communication
DALES CONE OF EXPERIENCE
Read
Hear
Picture
Video
Exhibit
Demonstration
Collaborative Work
Simulation
Real thing
ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS
1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months)
2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old)
3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old)
4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old)
5. INDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)
6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40s
7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)
8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60s-death)
PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
1. SENSORY – senses
2. PRE-OPERATIONAL – imagination
3. CONCRETE 4. FORMAL
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1. VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956)
2. TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964-1971)
4. MICROPROCESSORS (1971-present)
5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (present-future)
MISTAKEN GOALS
1. ATTENTION SEEKER – “teacher, notice me”
2. REVENGE – “teacher, I am hurt”
3. POWER-SEEKING – “teacher, may I help?”
4. INADEQUACY – “teacher, don’t give up on me”
5. WITHDRAWAL – “teacher, please help me”
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation
Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships
Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order
LEVEL 3: POST-CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Principles
CENTRAL TENDENCY -Central (middle location) Tendency
MEAN – Average MODE – most occurring
RANGE – highest score minus lowest score
LOW SD–Homogenous, scores near to mean(almost same)
HIGH SD – Heterogenous, scores far to mean (scattered)
DECILE – 10 grps (D1…D10) QUARTILE – 4 grps (Q1…Q4)
SUSPENSION – time REVOKATION – condition
DIFFICULTY INDEX
0-0.20 VERY DIFFICULT
0.21-0.40 DIFFICULT
0.41-0.60 MODERATELY DIFFICULT
0.61-0.80 EASY
0.81-1.00 VERY EASY
POSITIVELY SKEWED (LEFT FOOT)
- Low scores, mean greater than mode
NEGATIVELY SKEWED (RIGHT FOOT)
- High scores, mean is lower than mode
HORN/HALO EFFECT
- Overcoming other trait, either bad/good
GENERAL EDUCATION
FILIPINO/ENGLISH:
MGA TEORYA NG PINAGMULAN NG WIKA
1. BOW-WOW –kalikasan at hayop
2. DING-DONG – bagay
3. POOH-POOH – masidhing damdamin
4. YOHEHO – pwersang pisikal
FILIPINO POETS AND PEN NAMES
BENVENIDO SANTOS – American Culture Writings
DANIEL DEFOE – “Robinson Crusoen” (novel)
EDILBERTO TIEMPO – made “Cry Slaughter” that has been
Translated many times
ERNEST HEMINGWAY – Ring Lardner Jr.
JOSE GARCIA VILLA – “Comma Poet”, Dove G. Lion
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ESCALANDE – Masterpiece is
“Don Quixote” that is most influential
NICK JOAQUIN – Quijano de Manila
– Spanish Culture Writing
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ – made “Dead Stars” that is the 1st
Modern English short story
SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS – Mark Twain
- “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
- “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” (best novel)
SINTAKS/SINTAKSIS/PALAUGNAYAN
- Sangay ng barirala na tumatalakay sa masistemang pagkaka-ayus-ayos ng mga salita sa pagbuo ng mga parirala at pangungusap
PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO PROTAGONISTS
ANDRES BONIFACIO – May Pag-asa, Agapito
Bagumbayan
ANTONIO LUNA – Taga-Ilog
EMILIO AGUINALDO – Magdalo
EMILIO JACINTO – Di Masilaw, Tingkian
GRACIANO LOPEQ JAENA – Diego Laura
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN ¬– JoMaPa
JOSE RIZAL – Dimas alang, Laon laan
JUAN LUNA – Buan
MARCELO DEL PILAR – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat,
Piping Dilat
MARIANO PONCE – Tikbalang, Naning (Satanas),
Kalipulako
MGA URI NG PANGUNGUSAP
WALANG PAKSA:
1. EKSISTENSYAL – mayroong isa o higit pang tao
Halimbawa: Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.
2. MODAL – nais/pwede/maari (Gusto ko matulog.)
3. PANLIPUNAN – pagbati, pagbigay galang atbp.
4. SAGOT LAMANG – “Talaga?”, “Oo”
5. SAMBITLA – masidhing damdamin (Aray!)
6. TEMPORAL – panandaliang kalagayan o panahon
KAYARIAN:
1. PAYAK – iisang kaisipan
2. TAMBALAN – dalawang sugnay na ‘di makapag-iisa
3. HUGNAYAN – madalas nagsisimula sa kung, dahil sa
4. LANGKAPAN – mahabang pangungusap
MGA URI NG KWENTO
1. PABULA (fable) – hayop
2. PARABULA (parable)– Bibliya
3. ANEKDOTA (anecdote) – tunay na buhay
4. MITOLOHIYA (myth) – diyos at diyosa (pinagmulan)
ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA (Verb)
1. PERPEKTIBO – tumakbo
2. IMPERPEKTIBO – tumatakbo
3. KONTEMPLATIBO – tatakbo
KAANTASAN NG PANG-URI (Adjective)
1. LANTAY – walang pinaghahambingan
2. PAHAMBING ¬– inihahalintulad
3. PASUKDOL – nangingibabaw (H: pinakamataas)
MGA URI NG TULA
1. PATULA (Moro-moro)
2. PASALAYSAY (Epiko, Awit, Korido)
MGA AWITING BAYAN
1. DALIT/HIMNO – pagsamba sa anito o pang-relihiyon
2. DIONA – kasal
3. DUNG-AW – patay (pagdadalamhati)
4. KALUSAN – paggawa
5. KUMINTANG – tagumpay (pandigma)
6. KUNDIMAN – pag-ibig
7. OYAYI – pagpapatulog ng bata
8. SOLIRANIN – pagsasagwan
9. TALINDAW – pamamangka
PAGBABAGONG MORPONEMIKO
1. ASIMILASYON – Parsyal (pangsukli), Ganap (panukli)
2. MAY ANGKOP – wikain mo – “kamo”
3. MAYSUDLONG/PAGDARAGDAG NG PONEMA
- muntik – muntikan, pagmuntikan, pagmuntikanan
4. METATESIS – linipad – nilipad
5. PAGKAKALTAS NG PONEMO – takipan – takpan
6. PAGLILIPAT-DIIN – laRUan (playground) – laruAN (toy)
7. PAGPAPALIT NG PONEMA – madapat – marapat
MGA URI NG PANGHALIP/PRONOUNS
1. PANAO/PERSONAL PRONOUN – ako/I etc.
2. PAMATLIG/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN – ito/this etc.
3. PANAKLAW/INDEFINITE P. – isa, all, anyone etc.
4. PATULAD – ganito, ganyan atbp.
5. PANANONG/INTERROGATIVE P. – sino, when etc.
6. PAMANGGIT/RELATIVE P. – daw, umano, which, who
MGA AKDANG NA MAY IMPUWENSYA SA MUNDO
AKLAT NG MGA ARAW – China (by Confucius)
AKLAT NG MGA PATAY – Egypt cults & myths (by Osiris)
AWIT NI ROLANDO-France (by Doce Pares, Roncesvalles)
BIBLIYA – Palestino at Greece
CANTEBURY TALES – America (by Chaucer)
DIVINE COMEDIA – Italy (by Dante)
EL CID COMPEADOR – katangian at history ng Spain
ILIAD o ODYSSEY – Myths of Greece made by Homer.
ISANG LIBO’T ISANG GABI – Ugali sa Arabia at Persia
KORAN – Arabia (Muslim Bible) MAHABRATA – India
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN – about slaves that becomes the basis of democracy. (by Harriet Beecher Stowe of U.S.)
MGA URI NG PANITIKAN
1. TULUYAN – binubuo ng mga pangungusap
A. NOBELA – binubuo ng mga kabanata
B. DULA – pagtatanghal sa entablado
MGA DULANG PANLIBANGAN:
a. TIBAG – Sta. Elena
b. LAGAY – Pilarenos ng Sorsogon
c. PANUNULUYAN – pagtatanghal bago mag-alas dose (12PM) ng gabi ng kapaskuhan
d. PANUBOL – parangal sa may kaarawan
e. KARILYO – ala-puppet show
f. KURIDO – katapangan, kabayanihan, kababalaghan, pananampalataya
g. SARSUELA – musical tungkol sa pag-ibig, paghihiganti atbp. Masisidhing damdamin
C. ALAMAT – pinagmulan
D. ANEKDOTA – ugali, may mabuting aral
2. PATULA – may sukat,pantig,tugma,taludtod,saknong
A. TULANG PASALAYSAY – mahahalagang tago o pangyayari sa buhay.
a. EPIKO – kabayanihan sa kababalaghan
o BIDASARI, PARANG SABIR – Moro
o BIAG NI LAM ANG – Iloko
o MARAGTAS, HARAYA, LAGDA AT HARI SA BUKID – Bisaya
o KUMINTANG – Tagalog
o DAGOY AT SUDSUD – Tagbanua
o TATUANG – Bagobo
b. AWIT o KORIDO – kaharian
c. TULA NG DAMDAMIN o LIRIKI – own feeling
MGA TULANG LIRIKO:
O AWITING BAYAN – kalungkutan
O ELEHIYA – yumao
O DALIT – pagpupuri sa Diyos
O PASTORAL – buhay sa bukid
O ODA – papuri
B. TULANG DULA O PANGTANGHALAN
a. KOMEDYA
b. MELODRAMA – musical
c. TRAHEDYA – death of main character
d. PARSA – mga pangyayaring nakakatawa
e. SAYNETE
-karaniwang pag-uugali ng tao/ pook
C. TULANG PATNIGAN
a. KARAGATAN – alamat ng singsing ng prinsesa na naihulog niya sa dagat sa hangaring mapangasawa ang kasintahang mahirap.
b. DUPLO – paligsahan ng husay sa pagtula
c. BALAGTASAN – pumalit sa Duplo
FIGURES OF SPEECH/TAYUTAY
PAG-UUGNAY O PAGHAHAMBING:
1. SIMILE/PAGTUTULAD – mayroong pangatnig
2. METAPHOR/PAGWAWANGIS – walang pangatnig
3. ALUSYON – iba’t ibang aspekto ng buhay ng tao
4. METONYMY/PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG
5. SYNECDOCHE/SINEKDOKE – pagbanggit ng isa upang tukuyin ang kabuuan
Hal: Dalawang bibig ang umaasa kay Romeo.
PAGLALARAWAN:
6. HYPERBOLE/ PAGMAMALABIS o EKSAHERASYON
7. APOSTROPHE/PAGTAWAG – pakikipag-usap sa hindi buhay o malayong tao. Hal: Ulan, tumigil ka na.
8. EXCLAMATION/PAGDARAMDAM – strong feeling.
9. PARADOX/PARADOKS –“malayo ma’y malapit pa rin”
10. OXYMORON/PAGTATAMBIS – paradox w/ extra words
PAGSASALIN NG KATANGIAN:
11. PERSONIFICATION/PAGSASATAO
PAGSASATUNOG:
12. ONOMATOPOEIA/PANGHIHIMIG – tunog ang paksa
13. ALLITERATION/PAG-UULIT – repetition of 1st letter in the 1st word. Ex: Dinggin mo ang Diyos na Dinadakila
14. REPITASYON – repetition of phrase. Ex: Tama! Tama!...
IBA PANG TAYUTAY NA GAMIT SA TULA:
ALITERASYON – unang titik o pantig ay pare-pareho
ANADIPLOSIS – paggamit ng salita sa unahan at hulihan
EPIPORA – pag-uulit ng salita sa hulihan
PAG-UYAM – sarcasm
LITOTES – pagtanggi o pagkukunwari.
TALUDTOD – linya sa tula
UNFAMILIAR PARTS OF THE SPEECH
1. PREPOSITIONS-on, under, off, by, in near, for, to, since
2. CONJUNCTIONS (PANGATNIG)
- para/for, at/and, nor, or, pero/but, yet, so, ni, ngunit
3. INTERJECTION – with exclamation mark
PROPER SEQUENCE OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE
1. ARTICLES – a, an, the 2. OPINION 3. SIZE
4. AGE 5. SHAPE 6. COLOR
7. MATERIAL 8. PURPOSE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POEM
1. BALLAD – narrative, less folk tale/legend, to be sung
2. BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
3. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of speech for individual character.
4. ELEGY –death of individual
5. EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
6. EULOGY – message for the dead
7. FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with rhyme
8. HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3 lines and 17 syllables)
9. IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country scene
10. LYRICS – thoughts and feelings
11. NARRATIVE – tells story
12. ODE -typically serious/meditative nature, type of Lyric
13. PASTORAL –rural life in peaceful & romanticized way
14. SONNET – Lyric poem consists of 14 lines
15. TANKA – Japanese poem: 5 lines, 31 syllables
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS
BIAK NA BATO – pact, thought of 1st Republic.
- Spainards paid P200 000
1. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION – Apolinario Mabini
- rights of soldiers
- no Visayas yet in right of territories
2. 1935 CONSTITUTION – adapted from American Const.
3. 1943 CONSITUTION – Jose P. Laurel
- Japan invades but gave freedom for Phil. To rule.
4. 1937 CONSTITUTION – Ferdinand Marcos
- Martial Law – 60days max
- Nat’l Territory forced Kalayaan grp. Of Islands & Saba
5. 1987 CONSTITUTION – 18 articles
- past chairwoman: Cecilla Muñoz Palma (Feb 2, 1987)
- Bill of Rights are for the criminals
JUS SANGUINI – blood JUS SOLI – place
SOME TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
1. COMMUNIST – classless society
- State plans and controls economy
2. PARLIAMENTARY – majority of people voted
3. REPUBLICAN – power comes from people
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
(AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAquiRaEsArAquiDut)
ACTS
1. ASSOCIATION OF SE ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
- Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia
2. BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT) – bet. Phil. & U.S.
3. KYOTO PROTOCOL (UNNCC)
- fight global warming decreasing green house gases
4. RIO DE JANEIRO CONVENTION
- environment and sustainable development
5. TEJEROS CONVENTION – election
- Bonifacio elected as Director Imperior
6. TREATY ON GENERAL RELATIONS
- recognition of U.S. to Philippine freedom
7. UNDERWORLD-SIMMONS ACT – full free foreign trade
8. PAYNE ALDRICH ACT – partial free foreign trade
MISSIONARIES AND EXPEDITIONS
1. AUGUSTINIAN – most intelligent
2. FRANCISCAN – sends medical aids
3. JESUITS
4. DOMINICANS – richest
5. RECOLECTS – most killed schools
MARTYR PRIESTS
1. BURGOS – youngest, mastermind of secularization
2. GOMEZ – Oldest, likes “sabong” and hid there
HOMO HABILIS – man of steel (bighead, uses muscle)
HOMO ERECTUS – man who discovered fire & clothes
HOMO SAPIENS – thinking man (can produce materials)
UNFAMILIAR BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
ANATOMY – inner organs ENTOMOLOGY – insects
BIOCHEMISTRY – chemical patterns of animals
ECOLOGY – living things bet. Each other in environment
EMBRYOLOGY – developmental patterns fr. Zygote-birth
GENETICS – heredity MYCOLOGY – fungi
HERPETOLOGY – reptiles and amphibians
HISTOLOGY – plant and animal tissues
MORPHOLOGY – phenotype (appearance)
ORNITHOLOGY – birds PARASITOLOGY – parasites
PALEONTOLOGY – fossils of animals and plants
PHYSIOLOGY – function of tissue, organ & system
TAXONOMY – classification of living organisms
SCIENCE PROPONENTS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Father of Taxonomy
ROBERT HOOKE – termed “cells” (cellulae)
ANTON VAN LEUWENHOEK – 1st person to observe microscopic organisms (animal cule)
ROBERT BROWN – discovered Nucleus
MATTHIAS SCHIEDEN (Botanist) & THEODORE (Zoologist)
- Found all plants consist of cells
RUDOLF VIRCHOW – proposed cells come fr. Existing cells
EARTH’S SPHERES
ATMOSPHERE – gaseous sphere protection from meteors
Divided into five:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
HYDROSPHERE – water
LITHOSPHERE – oceanic and continental crust
BIOSPHERE – all life forms in Earth
CRYOSPHERE – ice ANTHROSPHERE – ancestors
PLANETS AND THEIR SEQUENCE
1. SUN – 99.86% of Solar System
- believed was formed 4.6 billion years ago
- Responsible for weather and climate
2. MERCURY – named after Roman God
- no satellite and atmosphere
- discovered by Mariner Ten
3. VENUS – Goddess of Love and Beauty (Mariner 2)
- Perfect sphere, sister planet of Earth
4. EARTH
5. MARS – God of War, red planet (Mariner 9)
6. JUPITER -Gas Giant, fastest rotating planet (10hrs less)
- has Great Red Spot: huge storm for 350yrs
7. SATURN – God of Agriculture (chunks of rocks)
- made mostly of hydrogen
8. URANUS – Frederick William Herscel
- Sky & Ice Giant, 3rd largest planet
“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO GIVES ME STRENGTH”
- Philippians 4:13
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE MAJORS:
1. Which of the following is TRUE about Protists?
A. Unicellular but eukaryotic
B. Multicellular and eukaryotic
C. Can live in very extreme and high environment
D. Unicellular and prokaryotic
2. Which of the following best described group of Volvox?
A. Plant-like, flagellated protists
B. Animal-like protists
C. Plant-like, non-flagellated protists
D. Fungus-like protists
“Your statements are IMPERTINENT to the case.” The capitalized word means ________.
A. Important
B. Irrelevant 
C. Violent
D.”Malicious
Eating and sleeping are my best hobbies. Which of the following is referring to eating and sleeping ?
A. Gerunds
B. Nouns
C. Clauses
D. Adjective
The Father of Philippine Folklore – E. Arsenio Manuel, Manuel, E. Arsenio
The Father of Tagalog Zarzuela and The Father of Philippine Zarzuela – Hermogenes Ilagan
The Father of Cebuano letters & The Father of Cebuano Language – Vicente Sotto
The Father of the Tagalog Short Story – Deogracias Rosario
The Father of Tagalog comics – Antonio “Tony” Velasquez
The Father of Ilocano literature – Pedro Bucaneg
Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry & Father of Modern Tagalog Prose – Alejandro abadilla
Father of Philippine Linguistics- Cecilio Lopez
Father of Filipino-American Literature – Carlos Bulosan
Father of Philippine National Anthem – Julian Felipe
Father of Philippine Journalism & Father of Philippine Masonry – Marcelo del Pilar
Father of Philippine Revolution & the Father of the Katipunan – Andres Bonifacio
Father of Philippine Independence, Father of the Philippine Republic, & Father of the Philippine National Language – Manuel L. Quezon
Father of Philippine Local Autonomy & Father of the Local Government Code and the Cooperative Code – Aquilino “Nene” Pimentel, Jr.
Father of Geothermal Development – Arturo Alcaraz
Father of the Philippine Archipelagic Doctrine – Arturo M. Tolentino
Father of Philippine Endocrinology – Dr. Augusto D. Litonjua
Father of Overseas Employment – Blas Ople
Father of the Filipino First Policy – Carlos P. Garcia
Father of R.A. 7171 (Tobacco Excise Tax Law) – Chavit Singson
Father of the Philippine Constitution – Claro M. Recto
Father of the Philippine Trade Union Movement – Crisanto Evangelista
Father of the Philippine Career Foreign Service Corps – Diosdado Macapagal
Father of Philippine Photography – Eduardo Masferre
Father of Philippine Industry – Elpidio Quirino
Father of the Philippine Army Special Forces – Fidel Ramos
Father of Tagalog Dialect & Father of the Tagalog Poem – Francisco Balagtas
Father of Poultry Science in the Philippines – Dr. Francisco M. Fronda
Father of Modern Philippine Ophthalmology – Dr. Geminiano T. De Ocampo
Father of Philippine Cinema – Gerardo de Leon
Father of Philippine Surgery – Dr. Gregorio Singian
Father of Rehabilitation Medicine in the Philippines & Father of the College of Allied Medical Professions – Guillermo Damian
Father of Philippine Retailing – Henry Sy, Sr.
Father of Public Health in the Philippines – Hilario Lara
Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture – Ildefonso Santos
Father of Philippine Labor Union Movement, Father of the Philippine Socialism, & Father of Ilocano Journalism - - Isabelo de los Reyes
Father of Pinoy Rock – Joey “Pepe” Smith
Father of the Philippine Workmen’s Compensation Law – Jose Avelino
Father of the Philippine Pharmaceutical Industry – Jose Y. Campos
Father of Philippine Movies – Jose Nepumuceno
Father of Philippine Nationalism, Father of Modern Tagalog Orthography, & Father of Philippine Children’s Literature – Jose Rizal
Father of the Masses – Joseph Estrada
Father of Philippine Liberalism – Jovito Salonga
Father of the Nationalistic Film – Julian Manansala
Father of Philippine Pharmacy – Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero
Father of Philippine Jazz – Lito Molina
Father of Manila City Charter – Macario Adriatico
Father of Philippine Independence, Father of the Philippine Republic, & Father of the Philippine National Language – Manuel L. Quezon
Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture – Napoleon Abueva
Father of Philippine Sonata – Nicanor Abelardo
Father of the Philippine Rice Breeding Program – Dr. Pedro Escuro
Father of Filipino America – Philip Vera Cruz
Father of Anesthesia in the Philippines – Dr. Quintin J. Gomez
Father of Modern Arnis – Remy Amador Presas
Father of Philippine Email – Roberto Verzola
Father of Philippine Housing – Rodolfo Biazon
Father of Philippine Franchising – Samie Lim
Father of Philippine Neurosurgery – Dr. Victor A. Reyes
Father of the Philippine Internet – William Torres
The Father of Trigonometry – Hipparchus of Nicaea
The Father of Oceanography and Naval Metereology – Matthew Fontaine Maury
The Father of Zoology – Aristotle
The Father of Logic – Aristotle
The Father of Mathematics – Archimedes
The Father of Ecology – Alexander von Humboldt
The Father of Botany – Theophrastus
The Father of Ethics – Socrates
The Father of Ancient Greek Philosophy – Thales of Miletus
The Father of Periodic Table – Dmitri Mendeleev
The Father of Biology – Aristotle
The Father of Anatomy – Herophilus of Alexandria
The Father of Modern Medicine – Hippocrates
The Father of Geometry – Euclid
The Father of History – Herodotus
The Father of Trigonometry – Aryabhata Hipparchus
The Father of Genetics – Gregor Mendel, William Bateson
The Father of Microbiology – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
The Father of Neuroscience – Santiago Ramón y Cajal
The Father of Taxonomy – Carolus Linnaeus
The Father of Modern Biochemistry – Carl Alexander Neuberg
The Father of Early Chemistry – Jabir (“Geber”) ibn Hayyan
The Father of Modern Chemistry – Antoine Lavoisier, Robert Boyle, Jöns Berzelius, John Dalton
The Father of statistics – Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher
The Father of Bacteriology – Robert Koch , Ferdinand Cohn, Louis Pasteur
The Father of Periodic Table – Dmitri Mendeleev
The Father of Modern GeoChemistry – Victor Goldschmidt
The Father of Modern Geology – Father Nicholas Steno, James Hutton
The Father of Mineralogy – Georgius Agricola
The Father of Plate Tectonics – Alfred Wegener
The Father of Anatomy – Marcello Malpighi
The Father of Fitness – Jack Lalanne
The Father of Modern Anatomy – Vesalius
The Father of Medical Genetics – Victor McKusick
The Father of Early Medicine – Imhotep & Charaka
The Father of Modern Dentistry – Pierre Fauchard
The Father of Modern Nursing – Florence Nightingale
The Father of Physiology – Claude Bernard
The Father of Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud
The Father of Electricity – William Gilbert, Michael Faraday
The Father of Modern Astronomy – Nicolaus Copernicus
The Father of Mothern Physics – Galileo Galilei
The Founder of Quantum Mechanics – Max Planck
The Founder of Relativity – Albert Einstein
The Founder of Thermodynamics – Sadi Carnot
The Father of Algebra – Diophantus (Traditional), Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi), Brahmagupta
The Father of Calculus – Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz
The Father of Analytical Geometry – René Descartes
The Founder of Analytical Geometry – Pierre de Fermat
The Father of Classical Analysis – Madhava of Sangamagrama
The Father of Computer Science – George Boole,
The Father of Anthropology – Herodotus, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
The Father of Early Linguistics – Panini
The Father of Modern Linguistics – Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky
The Father of Sociology – Ibn Khaldun, Adam Ferguson, Auguste Comte
The Founder of Sociology – Marquis de Condorcet
The Father of Early Economics – Ibn Khaldun, Chanakya / Kautilya
The Father of Modern Economics – Richard Cantillon, Anders Chydenius, Adam Smith
The Father of Macroeconomics – John Maynard Keynes
The Father of Communism – Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, David Ricardo
The Father of Modern Science – Galileo Galilei
The Father of Early Physics – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
Considered one of the fathers of the modern short story – Guy de Maupassant
The Father of English literature – Geoffrey Chaucer
The Father of English Essay – Michel de Montaigne
The Father of Short Story – Edgar Alan Poe
The Father of Historical Novel – Sir Walter Scott.
The Father of English Novel – Henry Fielding
The Father of English Poetry – Geoffrey Chaucer
58. Which of the following learner’s characteristics will affect most of the learners learning in the academic areas?
A. His affective characteristics
B. His cognitive characteristics
C. His psychomotor characteristics
One example of this design of subject-centered curriculum is that which shows social studies being combined
With geography, civics, culture and history to comprises subject area. Which design is this?
a. Correlated
b. Broadfields
c. Separate Subject
PROF ED
PART 1: KOUNIN’S MGT MODEL (1970)
stimulus boundedness – teacher’s attention interrupted by extrateneous stimulusThrust – teacher interrupts students engaged in activities w/o considering whether the student is ready or not.Dangels – teacher interrupts activity of student and return to it again.Truncations – teacher does not return to current act. After being interrupted.Overdwelling – teacher focuses on a certain topic that will lead to too much time consupmtion, the lesson will slow down.Fragmentation – chunks of lesson for students to understand his/her lesson effectively or breakibg down of act. To cause too much time.Flip Flop – teacher changes its activity from current activity to new one and vice versaWhenever he/she changes his/her mind.
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PART 2 PO.
THEORIES AND THEIR PROPONENTS
Wilhelm Woundt = german psycologist “founder of modern psychology.Titchener = structuralism psychologyWilliam james, G. Stanley Hall, James M. Cattell…. These three promote “functionalism psychology
Charles darwin = theories to mental characteristics as human think, feel & behave(“ evolutionary psychology”)Herman Ebbinghaus = associationism psychologyEdwin Guthrie = (stimulus and response ) :; temporal conguityEdward Lee Thorndike = “satisfaction” “the law of effect”.Ivan Pavlov = involuntary behaviorMax Wertheimer = gestalt psychologyOtto Loewi = discovered “acetylchloline” respobsible in stimulation of musclesUlf von Euler discovered “norepinephrine” bringing our nervous system into “high alert” Arvid Carlsson discovered “dopamine” the reward mechanisms in the brainJean Piaget – cognitive dev’t , info processing , dynamic interrelation.Sigmund Freud – psychosexual , psychoanalyticErik Erickson – psychosocialLawrence Kohlberg – moral dev’t,Burrhus Frederic Skinner – operant cond.Ivan Pavlov – classical cond.Edward Lee Thorndike – connectionismAlbert Bandura – social learning, neo – behaviorismRobert Gagne – sequence of instructionAbraham Maslow – hierarchy of needs , motivation theoryWilliam Kohler – insight learningRobert Havighurst – devt task theoryBenjamin Bloom – bloom’s cognitive taxonomySimpsons / Anita Harrow – psychomotor domainDavid Krathwohl – affective domainJerome Bruner – constructivist, spiral curr, instrumental conceptualismLev Vygotsky – socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory, ScaffoldingEdgar Dale – cone of exp. (20% remember)kohler,koffka, weirtheimer – gestalt psychologyJohn Locke – tabularasa , empiricismHoward Gardner – multiple int.Noam Chomsky – language acquisition theory , fr of linguistic, nativismDavid Ausubel – meaningful learning, graphic organizer, assumptionCharles Cooley – looking glass self theoryJohn Flavel – metacognitionSandra Bem – gender schema theoryElliot Turriel – social domain theoryRobert Sternberg – triachic theory of int.Johm Watson – behaviorial theoryMaria Montessory – transfer of learning, kinder garten preparation of children.Edward Tolman – purposive behaviorism and goal orientedEdward Torrance – creative problem solvingBernard Weiner – attribution theoryDaniel Goleman/coleman? – emotional intelligenceWolfgang Ratke – used vernacular for approaching the class.mencius – idealistic wing of confucianismhzun tzu – realistic wing of confusianismtaoism – lao tzuHerbart spencer – moral devtPestallozi – symmetrical and harmonious devt of childJohn Jacques Rosseau – nature of childArnold Gesell – maturation theoryJohn Dewey – Learning by doingDavid Froebel – Father of kinder gartenJohn Bowly – Attainment TheoryEdward Boro – Six Thinking Hats TheoryAuguste Comte – Father of SociologyCarlos Linnaeus – Father of modern taxonomy.John Amos Comencius – Fr. Of modern education.Erasmus Desiderius – Fr. Of humanism/ social humanismWilliam Kilpatrick – Project method.®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
PART 3:
IDEALISM – plato
REALIAM – aristotle
EMPIRICISM – locke
PRAGMATISM – dewey
EXISTENTIALISM – hegel
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS – moore
ESSENTIALISM – bagley
PERENNIALISM – hutchins
PROGRESSIVISM – dewey
RECONSTRUCTIONALISM – brameld
BEHAVIORISM – skinner or watson
STRUCTURALISM – helmholts or wundt?
FUNCTIONALISM – james,nugell, or carr?
PURPOSIVISM – hormic
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PART 4 -ISM
NATURALISM – only nature exist, nature is better than civilization (NATURALESA ng isang BAGAY)IDEALISM – spiritual, values, moral, socratic methodREALISM – natural world, values arenatural and absolute, reality exist undercievedPRAGMATISM/¬¬¬¬¬EXPERIMENTALISM – practical, problem solving research, knowledge is what works, values are related, truth is warranted assertion.ESSENTIALISM – 3r’s (4r’s ngayon), achievement test, certain knowledge&skills are essential for rational being.PROGRESSIVISM – process of development, higher level of knowledge, the child’s need and interest are relevant to curriculum.EXISTENTIALISM – knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he lives, we are what we do, deciding precedes knowing.PERENNIALISM – education that last for century, universalist, knowledge is eternally valid.SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – for better society, community based learningRECONSTRUCTUONALISM – the school should help rebuild the social order thus social change.BEHAVIORISM – learning is change in behavior, S-R relationshipEMPIRICISM – knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory learning)STRUCTURALISM – complex mental exp. Such as image,feeling and sensationFUNCTIONALISM – focus to motivation, thinking & learning.PURPOSIVISM – individual hormones are responsible for the motive to strive towards fulfillment of his/her objective.PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS – reality is what verifiable, truth correspondes to reality, usage determines meaning®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®®
PART 5: REPUBLIC ACTS
9155 – Governance of basic educ. Act of 2001
6728 – GASTPE
7722 – creating CHED
7784 – “ “ of center of excellence
7796 – creating TESDA
6655 – Free public secondary act of 1988
4090 – creating a state scholarship council to intergrate, systematize, administer and implement all program scholarships and appropriating funds.
5447 – creation of a special educ. Fund act enacted in 1968
-- organization and extension of classes
-- adding classroom to remote areas,barrios and provincial schools
6139 – regulated the secretarian schools/private school in charging higher tuition fee
7687 – science and technology scholarship act of 1994
7743 – establishment of city and municipal libraries.
8292 – higher educ. Modernization act of 1997
6850 – an act to grant Civil Service eligibility under certain conditions to Gov. employees appointed under provisionap or temporary status who rendered 7 years of efficient service
8545 – amending RA 7628 Expanded GASTPE Act
8525 – Adopt a school program
8491 – Flag and Heraldic code of the Ph.
7797 – lengthen the school prog. To 200 days and not more than 220 days
8190 – act of granting priority to residents of the brgy. Where school is located in the appointment and assignment of school.
6972 – act of stablishing DAY CARE CENTER FOR EVERY BRGY.
7624 – integrating of drug prevention and control in the intermediate & secondary curricula and indigeneous learning system
7743 – act providing libraries and reading centers throughout the Ph.
7877 – anti-sexual harassment act of 1995
9163 – NSTP of 2001
6193 – regulation of tuition fees of private educ. Institution
10627 – anti-bullyinh act of 2013
10533 – enhance basic educ. Act of 2013 (K-12 PROGRAM)
9485 – anti-red tape act
Executive Order (E.O.) 66 – rule of cancellation of classes due to typhoon, flooding and other calamities.
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PART 6
Philosophers Related to Learners Development
SIGMUND FREUD – “the mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk avove water.COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
ID – pleasure center
EGO – reality center
SUPER EGO – conscience / judgment center.
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEV’T
ORAL – thumb sucking, biting
ANAL – toilet training, control of their bowel.
PHALLIC – sexual interest, genital stimulation.
LATENCY – sexual urges & interest were temporary
GENITAL – adult sexual interest and activities come to dominate.
Odipus complex – son vs father towards mother/wife feelings . (excessive attachment)(Phallic stage)
Electra complex – daugther vs mother towards father/husband feelings. (excessive attachment)(Phallic stage)
Personality Dynamics
LIFE INSTINCT
DEATH INSTINCT
ERIK ERICKSON – “healthy children will not fear in their elders have integrity enough to fear of death.PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES of DEVT
CRISIS – a person goes through
MALADAPTATION – result from failure to effectivity resolve the problem
MALIGNACY – “
VIRTUE – emerges when balance & resolution of crisis attained.
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY STAGES
Stage: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Important Events: Toilet Training
Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Stage: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
Important Events: Exploration
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Stage: School Age (6 to 11 years)
Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
Important Events: School
Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Stage: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Stage: Maturity(65 to death)
Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
LEV VYGOTSKY – “the teacher must orient his work not on yesterday’s devt in the childs but on tomorrow’s.SCAFFOLDING – is the systematic manner of providing assistance of the learners to effectively acquire skills.
MKO(More Knowledge Others) – higher level of performance.
JEAN PIAGET – “ the school should be creating men & women who are capable of doing new things not simply repeating what other generation have done.STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVT.
SENSORY MOTOR (BIRTH – 2y/o) – infants knowledge.
PRE-OPERATIONAL ( 2-7y/o) – pretent to play but still struggle with logic,mental symbols interest.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-11) – think logically, hypothetically and concepts, solve problems
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11-UP) – deductive reasoning and understanding of abstract ideas, think symbolically.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG – “right action tends to be defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined & agreed upon by the whole society.LEVELS OF MORAL DEVT.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL – obidience & punishment (consequences) , individualism & exchange
CONVENTIONAL –interpersonal relationship, maintain social order.
POST-CONVENTIONAL – social contract and individual rights , universal principles, set of values and beliefs.
URIE BROFENBRENNER –ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
MICROSYSTEM – sorroundings of individual: family, friends, neighborhood
MESOSYSTEM – connections between context, school experiences to church experience.
EXOSYSTEM – includes other people and places that the child herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a large effect on her.
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY STAGES
Stage: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Important Events: Toilet Training
Outcome: Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Stage: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
Important Events: Exploration
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
Stage: School Age (6 to 11 years)
Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
Important Events: School
Outcome: Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.
Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome: Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Stage: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)
Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome: Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Stage: Maturity(65 to death)
Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome: Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
LEV VYGOTSKY – “the teacher must orient his work not on yesterday’s devt in the childs but on tomorrow’s.SCAFFOLDING – is the systematic manner of providing assistance of the learners to effectively acquire skills.
MKO(More Knowledge Others) – higher level of performance.
JEAN PIAGET – “ the school should be creating men & women who are capable of doing new things not simply repeating what other generation have done.STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVT.
SENSORY MOTOR (BIRTH – 2y/o) – infants knowledge.
PRE-OPERATIONAL ( 2-7y/o) – pretent to play but still struggle with logic,mental symbols interest.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-11) – think logically, hypothetically and concepts, solve problems
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11-UP) – deductive reasoning and understanding of abstract ideas, think symbolically.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG – “right action tends to be defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined & agreed upon by the whole society.LEVELS OF MORAL DEVT.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL – obidience & punishment (consequences) , individualism & exchange
CONVENTIONAL –interpersonal relationship, maintain social order.
POST-CONVENTIONAL – social contract and individual rights , universal principles, set of values and beliefs.
URIE BROFENBRENNER –ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
MICROSYSTEM – sorroundings of individual: family, friends, neighborhood
MESOSYSTEM – connections between context, school experiences to church experience.
EXOSYSTEM – includes other people and places that the child herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a large effect on her.
MACROSYSTEM – which is the largest and most remote set of people and places and things to a child but which still has a great influence over the child.
ALBERT BANDURA – SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: environment affects child’s personality : learninh occurs by simply observing people, people learned from what they see and the consequences of what they did
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PART 7
FOUR PILLARS OF LEARNING
LEANING TO KNOW – focuses on combining broad gen. knowledge and basic educ. With the opportunity to work on a small number of subjects in the light of rapid changes brought about by scientific progress ang new forms of economic and social acitivity.
Learning how to learn and to discover, as to benefit from ongoing educational opportunities continuously arising throughout life.Developing the faculties of memory, imagination, reasoning and problem solving.Understanding about one’s environment.Communicating with others.LEARNING TO DO – emphasizes on the learning of skills necessary to practice a profession or trade.applying in practice what has been learned.developing vocational / occupational and technical skillsdeveloping social skills in building meaningful interpersonal relationships.developing competence, social behavior, aptitude for teamworkenhancing the ability to communicate and work with othersmanaging and resolving conflicts.LEARNING TO BE – prioritizes the development of the human potencial to the fullest.tapping the talents hidden with individual.developing personal commitment and responsibilty for the common good.LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER – emphasizes understanding of others, their history, tradition and cultures, and also living and interacting peacefully together.appreciating diversity of human racebeing receptive to others and encounter others through dialogue and debate.caring about othersworking toward common objectives in cooperative undertakings.managing and resolving conflicts.®®®®®®®®®®®
PART 8: COGNITIVE PERSPECTVE : GESTALT PRINCIPLE
German word means “whole, form, pattern or configuration”the focus of this theory is on Perception and how people assign meaning to visual stimuli “The whole is more than the sum of all parts”LAW OF PROXIMITY – elements that are closer together be percieved as a coherent object.
LAW OF SIMILARITY – similar will percieved as part of the same form.
LAW OF CLOSURE – ignoring gaps in the figure.
LAW OF CONTINUATION – patterns establish an impled direction, people tend a good continous line.
LAW OF PRAGNANZ – stimulus will be organize into a good figure as possible.
LAW OF FIGURE/GROUND – we tend to pay attention and percieved things in the foreground first.
INSIGHT LEARNING – Gestalt adheres to the idea of learning takes place by discovery.
PART 9
Ripple Effect – spreading effect of series of consequences caused by singlr action or event.Hawthorne Effect – type of reactivity effect in which individuals improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.Halo Effect – cognitive bias which an observer overall impression of a person, influences the observers feeling and thoughts about the entity’s character or propertyPygmalion Effect – Shows the teacher’s expectation (self-fulfillment)Golem Effect – low expection leads to decrease in performance.REINFORCEMENTS
Positive – presence of stimulus
Negative – absence of stimulus
Escape – removes stimulus
Avoidance – prevents stimulus
Reinforcement – increase of behavior
Punishment – weakens response.
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