PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

 ✨DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND METHODS✨

Teaching Approach, Strategy, Method and Technique

👉Teaching Approach 

- set of principles, beliefs or ideas about the nature of learning
-springs from teacher's own philosophy of education

👉Teaching Strategy

- long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal
-example military strategy, economic strategy

👉Teaching Method

-systematic way of doing something
-more procedural
-orderly logical arrangement oem steps

👉Teaching technique

- well defined procedure
-teacher’s particular style or trick
-an art

Examples of Teaching Approaches

🌸Teacher-centered

 - teacher is the only reliable source of information
-learner is a passive recipient of instruction

🌸Learner-centered 

- learner is also an important resource because he/she knows something and capable of sharing something
-teacher makes adjustments in LPs to accommodate learner's interests

🌸Subject Matter-centered 

- subject matter gains privacy over the learner
-ex. sticking to course syllabus or lesson plan
-also teacher-dominated

🌸Constructivist approach 

- students are expected to construct knowledge and meaning of what they armed taught by connecting them to prior experience

🌸Banking Approach- teacher deposits knowledge into the empty minds of students

🌸Integrated Approach

👉Intradisciplinary - teacher connects what she teaches to other lessons of the same subject
👉interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary- connecting lessons with other subjects

1. DIRECT DEMONSTRATION METHOD (Expository Approach)

💜a.Direct Instruction/Lecture Method
-helps students aquire procedural knowledge
-procedural knowledge refers to skills needed in the performance of a task
-ex. focusing the microscope, doing PowerPoint presentations, playing basketball, sewing a pair of pajamas
-also used for factuak and non-controversial
-lesson objective has something to do with skill and therefore the assessment tool must be a performance test
-used in teaching facts, principles or laws

💜b. Demonstration Method
-employed in presenting lessons that use sophisticated equipment and technical know-how

2. INDIRECT/GUIDED/EXPLORATORY APPROACH

💋1. Inquiry Method
- core of inquiry is spontaneous and a self-directed exploration
-sometimes termed discovery, heuristic and problem solving
-defined as a teaching method which is modeled after the investigative processes of scientists
-obtaining infirmation through direct experiences
-Investigative
-promotes first hand experience

💋2. Problem Solving Method
-employs scientific method in searching for information
-also known as investigatory process

💋3. Project Method
-learners solve a practical problem over a period of several days or weeks
-ex. organizing a fund raising campaign for flood victim
-focuses on applying, not imparting, specific knowledge or skills, and on improving student involvement and motivation in order to foster independent thinking, self confidence and social responsibility
-sometimes referred to as self-directed study
-emphasizes learning by doing
-develops manipulative skill

💋4. Cooperative Learning
-students work in groups or teams
-learning environment is characterized by strong motivation and smooth interpersonal interactions
-use heterogeneous grouping
- Students nust exhibit necessary social skills to work cooperatively in group situations

💋5. PEER TUTORING/PEER TEACHING
-employed when the teacher requests the older, brighter and more cooperative member of the class to tutor (coach, teach, instruct) other classmates

💋6. PARTNER LEARNING
-study buddy

💋7. DEDUCTIVE METHOD VERSUS INDUCTIVE METHOD

1. Deductive Method 

- direct method; demonstration
-teacher tells directly what she wants to teach
-example, teacher begins by stating the rule in adding fractions. Then she will give examples. After which, she will give written exercises

-Teacher-dominated
-teacher begins with abstract rule, generalization, principle and ends with specific examples and concrete details
-cove inning of the lesson

Disadvantages
-not an active process
-less involvement on the part of learners
2. Inductive Method - inquiry method, problem-solving method, and project method
-indirect, guided and exploratory
-also called indirect instruction
-begin with questions, problems and details and end up with answers, generalization, conclusions
-example, teachee will give examples of added similar fraction. Ask the student to studybthe example and ask them to explain how they arrived at the sums. Then ask them to state the rules.
-develops HOTS
😊While the methods are diametrically opposed, they complement each other. Learner must grow his understanding inductively and apply the principle learned deductively.

OTHER APPROACHES

A. BLENDED LEARNING
-combination of different modes of delivery, models of teaching and styles of learning, and is based on transparent communication
-also described as integrative learning, hybrid learning, mobile learning and on-line learning

B. REFLECTIVE LEARNING
-through analysis and evaluation of past experiences
-strategies:
👉Self analysis-a record of ones success or failure may help
👉Writing Journals
-reveals feelings about the days activities including what could have enhanced or inhibted their learning.
👉Keeping a Portfolio
-a portfolio is a very personal document which includes frank, honest and on the spot account of experiences
-instant thoughts, first hand observations and personal knowledge
"Reflective teaching is best described as one borne of experiences that have been deeply thought of, analyzed and evaluated. Reflection is inseparable from experience. Experience is not yet best learning, reflection is".

3.METACOGNITIVE APPROACH
The prefix meta means beyond. Therefore, metacognitive approach is an approach that goes beyond cognition.
🍒Thinking about thinking
🍒Has something to do with students monitoring their own cognitive processes
According to Linda Darling-Hammond, students learn more effectively when they are aware on their learning of how they learn and how to monitor and reflect.
To promote learning, teachers should do metacognitive and reflective teaching.
Research indicates that effective problem-solvers subvocalize; that is they talk to themselves frequently..(Orlich 1994)
🍇Subvocalizing- includes constantly restating the situation, rechecking progress, and evaluating whether one's thinking is moving in an appropriate discussion.

4. CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
🍒One principle of learning that should guide teaching in the 21st century emphasized by Hammond and colleagues is that "students come to the classroom with prior understanding and experiences and to promote student learning, teachers must address and build upon this prior knowledge. " The constructivist approach is anchored on this.
🍇Constructivist view learning as an active process that results from self-constructed meanings. A meaningful connection is established between prior knowledge and the present learning activity.
The constructive approach is anchored on the belief that every individual constructs and reconstructs meaning depending on past experiences. They continue reflecting and evaluating accumulated knowledge with sn end view of constructing new meanings.
🍎Inquiry teaching suits the constructivists
🍌Reflection is an important activity

5. INTEGRATED APPROACH
-interdisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary

🍭Intradisciplinary approach

- observed when teachers integrates the subdisciplines within a subject area.
🍬Ex. Integrating listening, reading, writing, speaking and viewing in language arts
🍬Math teaching integrates number and number sense, patterns and algebra, geometry and probability
🍬Araling Panlipunan integrate history, geography, sociology, economics and government.
🍬Science in the k to 12 curriculum integrates biology, chemistry, physics, and earth science.

🍭Interdisciplinary

- teaching is done when I teach science concepts in teaching reading skills in language and when I teach Araling Panlipunan concepts in teaching reading and writing skills in Filipino.
- this is also known as the content-based instruction (CBI)

🍭Transdisciplinary approach - teachers organize curriculum around student's questions and concerns. Students develop life skills as they apply interdisciplinary and disciplinary skills in a real life context as shown below.

 
🍬Problem-based Learning (PBL) - learning that results from the process of working toward the understanding of the resolution of a problem.
-also known as project-based learning or place-based