PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION-ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF LEARNING
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF LEARNING
Apply principles in constructing and interpreting alternative/authentic forms of high quality assessment.
Part 1: Content Update
Basic Concept
Test –An instrument design to measure any characteristic, quality, ability, knowledge or skill. It comprised of items in the areas it is designed to measure.
Measurement –A process of quantifying the degree to which someone/something possesses a given trait. i.e quality, characteristic, or feature.
Assessment –A process of gathering and organizing quantitative or qualitative data into an interpretable form to have a basis for judgment or decision-making. It is a prerequisite to evaluation. It provides the information which enables evaluation to take place.
Evaluation –A process of systematic interpretation, analysis, judgment of the worth of all organized data as basis for decision-making. It involves judgment about the desirability of changes in student.
Traditional Assessment –It refers to the used of pen-and-paper objective test.
Alternative Assessment –It refers to the used of methods other than pen-and paper objective test which includes performance, test, project, portfolios, journals, and the likes.
Authentic Assessment –It refers to the used of assessment methods that simulate true-to-life situations. This could be written test that reflect real life situations or performance tasks that are parallel to what we experience in real life.
Purposes of Classroom Management
1.Assessment for Learning –this includes three types of assessment done before and during instruction. These are placement, formative, and diagnostic.
a.Placement –done prior to instruction.
Its purpose is to assess the needs of the learners to have basis in planning for a relevant instruction.
Teachers use this assessment to know what their students are bringing into the learning situation and use this as a starting point for instruction
The result of this assessment place student in specific learning groups to facilitate teaching and learning.
b.Formative –done during instruction
This assessment is where teachers continuously monitor the students’ level of attainment of the learning objectives (Stiggins 2005).
The results of this assessment are communicated clearly and promptly to the students for them to know their strength and weaknesses and the progress in the learning.
c. Diagnostic –done during instruction
This is used to determine students’ recurring or persistent difficulties.
It researches for underlying causes of student’s learning problems that do not respond to first aid treatment.
2.Assessment of Learning –this is done after instruction. This is usually referred to as the summative assessment.
It is used to certify what students know and can do and the level of their proficiency and competency.
Its results reveal whether or not instructions have successfully achieved the curriculum outcomes.
The information form assessment of learning is usually expressed as marks or letter grades.
The results of which are communicated to the students, parents, and other stakeholders for the decision- making.
It is also a powerful factor that could pave way for educational reforms.
3.Assessment as learning –this is done for teachers to understand and perform well their role of assessing for and of learning. It requires teachers to undergo training on how to assess learning and be equipped with the following competencies needed in performing their work as assessors.
Standards for Teachers Competence in Educational Assessment of Students
(Developed by the American Federation of Teachers National Council on Measurement in Education National Education Association)
1 Teachers should be skilled in choosing assessments methods appropriate for instructional decision.
2 Teachers should be skilled in developing assessment methods appropriate for instructional decision.
3 Teachers should be skilled in administering, scoring, and interpreting the results of both extremely-produced and teacher-produced assessment methods.
4 Teachers should be skilled in assessment using results when making decisions about individual students, planning, teaching, developing curriculum, and school improvement.
5 Teachers should be skilled in valid pupil grading procedures which use pupil assessment.
6 Teacher should be skilled in communicating assessment result to students, parents, other lay audiences, and other educators.
7 Teachers should be skilled in recognizing unethical, illegal, and otherwise inappropriate assessment methods and uses of assessment methods.
Principles of High Quality Classroom Assessment
Principle 1: Clarity and Appropriateness of Learning Targets
Learning targets should be clearly stated, specific, and centers on what is truly important.
Principle 2: Appropriateness of Methods
Assessment Methods
Learning Targets and their Appropriate Assessment Methods
Note: Higher numbers indicate better matches (e.g. 5=high, 1=low)
Modes of Assessment
Principle 3: Balance
A balanced assessment sets target in all domains of learning (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) or domains of intelligence, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, visual-spatial, musical-rhythmic, intrapersonal-social, intrapersonal-introspection, phyorcal world-natural-existential-spiritual).
A balanced assessment makes used of both traditional and alternative assessment.
Principle 4: Validity
A. Validity –is the degree to which the assessment and instrument measures what it intends to measure. It also refers to the usefulness of the instrument for a given purpose. It is the most important criterion of a good assessment instrument.
B. Ways in Establishing Validity
1. Face Validity –is done by examining the physical appearance of the instrument.
2. Content Validity–is done through a careful and critical examination of the objectives of assessment so that it reflects the curricular objectives.
3. Criterion-related Validity –is established statistically such that a set of scores revealed by the measuring instrument is correlated with the scores obtained in another external predictor or measure. It has two purposes: concurrent and predictive.
a. Concurrent validity –describes the present status of the individual by correlating the sets of scores obtained from two measures given concurrently.
b. Predictive validity –describes the future performance of an individual by correlating the sets of scores obtained from two measures given at a longer time interval.
4. Construct Validity –is established statistically by comparing psychological traits or factors that theoretically influence scores in a test.
a.Convergent Validity –is established if the instrument defines another similar trait or other than what it is intended to measure.
E.g. Critical Thinking Test may be correlated with Creative Thinking Test.
b.Divergent Validity –is established if an instrument can describe only the intended trait and not the other traits.
E.g. Critical Thinking Test may not be correlated with Reading Comprehension Test.
Principle 5.Reliability
Reliability –it refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same person when retested using the same instrument or it’s parallel.
Principle6: Fairness
A fair assessment provides all students with an equal opportunity to demonstrate achievement. They key to fairness are as follows:
Students have knowledge of learning targets and assessment.
Students are given equal opportunity to learn.
Students possess the pre-requisite knowledge and skills.
Students are free from teacher stereotypes.
Students are free from based assessment tasks and procedures.
Principle 7: Practically and Efficiency
When assessing learning, the information obtained should be worth the resources and time required to obtained it. The factors to consider are as follows:
Teacher Familiarity with the Methods. The teacher should know the strengths and weaknesses of the method and how to use them.
Time Required. Time includes construction and use of the instrument and the interpretation of results. Other things being equal, it is desirable to use the shortest assessment time possible that provides valid and reliable results.
Complexity of Administration. Directions and procedures for administrations and procedures are clear and that little time and effort is needed.
Erase of Scoring. Use scoring procedures appropriate to your method and purpose. The easier the procedure, the more reliable the assessment is.
Ease of Interpretation. Interpretation is easier if there was a plan on how to use the results prior to assessment.
Cost. Other things being equal, the less expense used to gather information, the better.
Principle 8: Continuity
Assessment takes place in all phases of instruction. It could be done before, during and after instruction.
Activities Occurring the Prior to Instruction
Understanding the students’ cultural backgrounds, interests, skills, and activities as they apply across a range of learning domains and/or subject areas
Understanding students’ motivations and their interests in specific of pupils
Planning instruction for individuals or group of students
Activities Occurring During Instruction
Monitoring pupil progress toward instruction goals
Identifying gains and difficulties pupils are experiencing in learning and performing
Adjusting instruction
Giving contingent, specific, and credible praise and feedback
Motivating students to learn
Judging the extent of pupil attainment of instructional outcomes
Activities Occurring After Appropriate Instruction Segment
(E.g. lesson, class, semester, grade)
Describing the extent to which each student has attained both short and long-term instructional goals
Communicating strengths and weaknesses based on assessment results to students and parents or guardians
Recording and reporting assessment results for school-level analysis, evaluation, and decision-making
Analyzing assessment information gathered before and during instruction to understand each student’s progress to date and to inform future instructional planning
Evaluating the effectiveness of instruction
Evaluating the effectiveness of curriculum and materials in use
Principle 9: Authenticity
Features of Authentic Assessment
Meaning performance task
Clear standards and public criteria
Quality products and performance
Positive interaction between the assesse and assessor
Emphasis on meta-cognition and self-evaluation
Learning that transfer
Criteria of Authentic Achievement (Burke, 1999)
1. Discipline Inquiry –requires in-depth understanding of the problem and a move beyond produced by others to a formulation of new ideas.
2. Integration of Knowledge –considers things as a whole rather than fragments of knowledge.
3. Value Beyond Evaluation –on what students do have some value beyondclassroom.
Principle 10: Communication
Assessment targets and standards should be communicated.
Assessment results should be communicated to their important users.
Assessment results should be communicated to students through direct interaction or regular ongoing feedback on their progress.
Principle 11: Positive Consequence
Assessment should have a positive consequence to students; that is, it should motivate them to learn
Assessment should have a positive consequence on teachers; that is, it should help them improve the effectiveness of their instruction.
Principle 12: Ethics
Teachers should free the students from harmful consequences of misuse or overuse of various assessment procedures such as embarrassing students and violating student’s right to confidentiality.
Teacher should be guided by laws and policies that affect their classroom assessment.
Administrators and teachers should understand that it is inappropriate to use standardized student achievement to measure teaching effectiveness.
Performance-Based Assessment
Performance-Based Assessment is a process of gathering information about student’s learning through actual demonstration of essential and observable skills and creation of products that are grounded in real world contexts and constraints. It is an assessment that is open to many possible answers and judged using multiple criteria or standards of excellence that are pre-specified and public.
Reasons for Using Performance-Based Assessment
Dissatisfaction of the limited information obtained from selected-response test
Influence of cognitive psychology, which demand snot only for the learning of declarative but also for procedural knowledge
Negative impact of conventional test e.g. high-stake assessment teaching for the test
It is appropriate in experiential, discovery-based, integrated, and problem-based learning approaches.
Types of Performance-Based Task
1.Demonstration-type –this is a task that requires no product.
Examples: constructing a building, cooking demonstration, entertaining tourists, teamwork, presentation
2. Creation-type –this is a task that requires tangible products.
Examples: project plan, research paper, project flyers
Methods of Performance-Based Assessment
1.Written-open ended –a written prompt is provided.
Formats: Essays, open-ended test
2. Behavior-based –utilizes direct observations of behaviors in situations or simulated contexts.
Formats: structured (a specific focus of observations of behaviors is set at once) and unstructured (anything observed is recorded or analyzed)
3. Interview-based –examinees respond in one-to-one conference setting with the examiner to demonstrate mastery of the skills.
Formats: structured (interview questions are set at once) and unstructured (interview questions depends on the flow of conversation)
4. Product-based –examinees create a work sample or a product utilizing the skills/abilities
Formats: restricted (products of the same objective re the same for all students) and extended (students vary in their products for the same objective)
5. Portfolio-based –collections of works that are systematically gathered to serve many purposes.
How to Assess a Performance
1. Identify the competency that has to be demonstrated by the students with or without a product.
2. Describe the task to be performed by the students either individually or as a group, the resources needed, time allotment and other requirements to be able to assess the focused competency.
7 Criteria in Selecting a Good Performance Assessment Task
Generalizability –the likelihood that the students’ performance on the task will generalize the comparable tasks.
Authenticity –the task is similar to what the students might encounter in the real world as opposed to encountering only in the child
Multiple pool –the task that measures multiple instructional outcome
Teachability –the task allows one to master the skill that one should be proficient in.
Feasibility –the task is realistically implementable in relation to its cost, space, time, and equipment requirements.
Scorability –the task can be reliably and accurately evaluated
Fairness –the task is fair to all the students regardless of theirsocial status or gender.
3. Develop a scoring rubricreflecting the criteria, levels of performance and the scores.
Portfolio Assessment
Portfolio Assessment is also an alternative to pen-and-paper objective test. It is a purposeful, on-going, dynamic, and collaborative process of gathering multiple indicators of the learner’s growth and development. Portfolio assessment is also performance-based but more authentic than nay performance-based task.
Reasons for Using Portfolio Assessment
Burke (1999) actually recognizes portfolio as another type of assessment and is considered authentic because of the following reasons:
It tests what is really happening in the classroom
It offers multiple indicators of students’ progress
It give the students the responsibility of their own learning
It offers opportunities for students to document reflections of their learning
It demonstrates what the students know in ways that encompass
It offers teachers new role in the assessment process
It allows teachers to reflect on the effectiveness of their instruction
It provides teachers freedom from gaining insights into the student’s development or achievement over a period of time
Principles Underlying Portfolio Assessment
There are three underlying principles of portfolio assessment: content, learning, and equity principles
1. Content principle suggests that portfolios should reflect the subject matter that is important for the students to learn.
2. Learning principle suggests that portfolios should enable the students to become active and thoughtful learners
3. Equity principle explains that portfolios should allow students to demonstrate their learning styles and multiple intelligences.
Type of Portfolios
Portfolios could come in three types: working, show or documentary.
1 The working portfolio is a collection of a student’s day-to-day works which reflect his/her learning.
2. The show portfolio is a collection of student’s best works.
3. The documentary portfolio is a combination of a working and a show portfolio.
Steps in Portfolios Development
Developing Rubrics
Rubric is a measuring instrument used in rating performance based tasks. It is the “key to corrections” for assessment tasks designed to measure the attainment of learning competencies that require demonstration of skills or creation of products of learning. It offers a set of guidelines or descriptions in scoring different levels of performance or qualities of products of learning. It can be used in scoring both the process and the products of learning.
Similarity of Rubric with Other Scoring Instruments
Rubric is a modified checklist and rating scale.
1. Checklist
Presents the observed characteristics of a desirable performance or product
The rather checks the trait/s that has/have been observed in one’s performance or product.
2. Rating scale
Measures the extent or degree to which a trait has been satisfied by one’s work or performance.
Offers an overall description of the different levels of quality of a work or a performance
Uses 3 to more levels to describe the work or performance although the most common rating scales have 4 or 5 performance levels
Types of Rubrics
Important Elements of Rubric
Whether the format is holistic or analytic, the following information should be made available in rubric.
Competency to be tested –this should be a behavior that requires either a demonstration or creation of products of learning.
Performance Task –the task should be authentic, feasible, and has a multiple foci.
Evaluative Criteria and their Indicators –these should be made clear using observable traits.
Performance Levels –these levels could vary in number from 3 or more.
Qualitative and Quantitative descriptions of each performance level –these descriptions should be observable and measurable.
Guidelines When Developing Rubrics
Identify the importance and observable features or criteria of an excellent performance or quality product.
Clarify the meaning of each trait or criterion and the performance levels.
Describe the gradations of quality product or excellent performance.
Aim for an even number of levels to avoid the central tendency source or error.
Keep the number of criteria reasonable enough to be observed or judged.
Arrange the criteria in order in which they will likely to be observed.
Determine the weight/points of each criterion and the whole work or performance in the final grade.
Put the descriptions of a criterion or a performance level on the same page.
Highlight the distinguishing traits of each performance level.
Check if the rubric encompasses all possible traits of work.
Check again if the objectives of assessment were capture in the rubric.
Part II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS
Directions: Read and analyze each item and select the best option that will adequately answer each question. Analyze the items using the first 5 items as your sample. Write only the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.
1. Who among the teachers described below is doing assessment?
Mrs. Bautista who is administering a test to her students.
Mr. Ferrer who is counting the scores obtained by the students after his test.
Ms. Leyva who is computing the final grade of the students after completing all their requirements.
Prof. Cuevas who is planning for a remedial instruction after knowing that students perform poorly in her test.
The correct answer is C because assessment is represented by the grade, which is the result of the collection of data that could be used for easy judging of student’s performance. Option A refers to testing, which is one of the techniques when assessing learning. Option B refers to measurement because it refers to the quantification of data which is like computing the scores obtained in a test. Option D refers to evaluation because it involves judgment (i.e. students perform poorly) and decision-making (i.e planning for remedial instruction)
2. Mr. Fernandez is judging the accuracy of these statements. Which statements will he consider as correct?
I. Test is a tool to measure a trait.
II. Measurement is the process of qualifying a given trait.
III. Assessment is the gathering of quantitative and qualitative data.
IV. Evaluation is the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data for decision-making.
I and IV only
II and IV only
I, II, and III
I, III, and IV
The correct answer is D because the first, third and fourth are correct statements. The first describes correctly a test. This is also true to the third statement which correctly describes assessment. The last sentence is also correct description of evaluation. Among the four, it is only the second statement, which is wrong because measurement is not the process of qualifying but rather quantifying data.
3. If I have to use the most authentic method of assessment, which of these procedures should I consider?
a. Traditional
b. Performance-based Assessment
c. Written Test
d. Objective Assessment
The correct answer is B because among the four methods presented, it is only performance-based assessment that requires actual demonstration of skills or creation of products of learning, which simulate what we have really need to do in real life. Options A, C, and D are all pen-and-paper tests which usually require low level thinking skills only. In real life, what these exams capture could be easily forgotten after the exam because they are usually just memorized without applications in real life.
4. After doing the exercise on verbs, Ms. Borillo gave a short quiz to find out how well the students have understood the lesson. What type of assessment was done?
a. Summative Assessment
b. Formative Assessment
c. Diagnostic Assessment
d. Placement Assessment
The correct answer is B, formative assessment, since the purpose of the assessment is to find out what the students have understood from the exercises about the lesson presented in the form of a quiz. The result of formative result assessment gives immediate feedback about the students’ learning for the day. Option A, summative test, covers a broad range of lessons usually in the form of Final Test or Achievement Test. Option C, diagnostic Test, aims to determine recurring problems that should be an input to remedial or any follow up lesson. Option D, placement assessment, is more on determining the area or group a learner is most fit in order to receive an appropriate instruction.
5. Who among the teachers below performed a diagnostic assessment?
a. Ms. Santos who asked questions when the discussion was going on to know who among her students understood what she was trying to emphasize.
b. Mr. Colubong who gave a short quiz after discussing thoroughly the lesson to determine the outcome of instruction.
c. Ms. Ventura who gave 10-item test to find out the specific lessons which the students failed to understand.
d. Mrs. Lopez who administered a readiness test to the incoming grade of pupils
The correct answer is C, diagnostic assessment, since the purpose of the assessment is to find out what the students failed to understand that would be require remedial instruction. Option A and B are formative assessment while D is placement assessment.
6. You are assessing FOR learning. Which of these will you likely do?
a. Giving grades to students.
b. Reporting to parents the performance of the child.
c. Recommending new policies in grading students.
d. Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of students.
7. Ms. Saplan is planning to do an assessment OF learning. Which of these should she include in her plan considering her purpose for assessment?
a. How to give immediate feedback to student’s strengths and weaknesses
b. How to determine the area of interest of students
c. How to certify student’s achievement
d. How to design one’s instruction
8. You targeted that after instruction, your students should be able to show their ability to solve problems with speed and accuracy. You then designed a tool to measure this ability. What principle of assessment did you consider in this situation?
a. Assessment should be based on clear and appropriate learning targets or objectives.
b. Assessment should have a positive consequence on student’s learning
c. Assessment should be reliable
d. Assessment should be fair
9. Ms. Ortega tasked her students to show how to play basketball. What learning target is assessing?
a. Knowledge
b. Reasoning
c. Skills
d. Products
10. Mr. Ravelas made an essay test for the objective “Identify the planets in the solar system”. Was the assessment method used the most appropriate for the given objective? Why?
a. Yes, because essay test is easier to construct than objective test
b. Yes, because essay test can measure any type of objective
c. No, he should have conducted oral questioning
d. No, he should have prepared an objective test
11. Mr. Cidro wants to test students’ knowledge of the different places in the Philippines, their capital and their products and so she gave her students an essay test. If you are the teacher will you do the same?
a. No, the giving of an object test is more appropriate than the use of essay.
b. No, such method of assessment is inappropriate because essay is difficult.
c. Yes, essay test could measure more than what other tests could measure
d. Yes, essay test is the best way in measuring any type of knowledge
12. What type of validity does the Pre-board Examination possesses if its results can explain how the student will likely perform in their Licensure Examination?
a. Concurrent
b. Predictive
c. Construct
d. Content
13. Ms. Alvis wants to determine if the students’ scores in their Final Test is reliable. However, she has only one set of test and her students are already on vacation. What test of rliability can she employ?
a. Test-retest
b. Kuder Richardson Method
c. Equivalent Forms
d. Test-retest with equivalent forms
Refer to this case in answering items 14-15
Two teachers of the same grade level have set the following objectives for the day’s lesson: At the end of the period, the students should be able to:
Construct bar graph
Interpret bar graph
To assess the attainment of the objectives, Teacher A required then students to construct a bar graph for the given set of data then she asked them to interpret this using a set of questions as guide. Teacher B presented a bar graph then asked them to interpret this using also a set of guide questions
14. Whose practice is acceptable based on the principles of assessment?
a. Teacher A
b. Teacher B.
c. Both Teacher A and B
d. Neither Teacher A nor Teacher B
15. Which is true about the given case?
a. Objectives A matched with performance-based assessment while B can be assesses using the traditional pen-and-paper objective test.
b. Objective A matched with traditional assessment while B can be assessed using a performance-based method.
c. Both objective A and B matched with performance-based assessment
d. Both objective A and B matched with traditional assessment
16. In the context of the Theory of Multiple Intelligence, which is a weakness of the paper-pencil test?
a. It puts non-linguistically intelligent at disadvantage
b. It is not easy to administer
c. It utilizes so much time
d. It lacks reliability
17. Mr. Umayam is doing a performance-based assessment for the days’ lesson. Which of the following will most likely to happen?
a. Students are evaluated in one sitting
b. Students do an actual demonstration of their skill
c. Students are evaluated in the most objective manner
d. Students are evaluated based on varied evidences of learning
18. Ms. Despi rated her students in terms of appropriate and effective use of some laboratory equipment and measurement tools and the students’ ability to follow the specified procedures. What mode of assessment should Ms. Del Rosario use?
a. Portfolio assessment
b. Journal assessment
c. Traditional Assessment
d. Performance-Based Assessment
19. Mrs. Hilario presented the lesson plan on baking through a group activity so that the students will not just learn how to bake but also develop their interpersonal skills. How should this lesson be assessed?
I. She should give the students an essay test explaining how they baked the cake.
II. The students should be graded on the quality of their baked cake using a rubric.
III. The students in a group should rate the members based on their ability to cooperate in their group activity.
IV. She should observe how the pupils perform their task.
I, II and II only
I, III, and IV only
I, II, and IV only
I, II, III and IV
20. If a teacher has set objectives in all domains or learning targets and which could be assessed using a single performance task, what criterion in selecting a task should she consider?
a. Generalizability
b. Fairness
c. Multiple Foci
d. Teachability
21. Which term refers to the collection of students’ products and accomplishments in a given period for evaluation purposes?
a. Diary
b. Portfolio
c. Anecdotal record
d. Observation report
22. Mrs. Catalan allowed the students to develop their own portfolio in their own style as long as they show all the non-negotiable evidences of learning. What principle portfolio assessment explains this practice?
a. Content Principle
b. Learning Principle
c. Equity Principle
d. Product Principle
23. How should the following steps in portfolio assessment be arranged logically?
I. Set targets
II. Select evidences
II. Collect evidences
IV. Rate collection
V. Reflect on evidences
a. I, II, III, IV, V
b. I, III, II, V, IV
c. I, II, III, V, IV
d. I, III, V, II, IV
24. Which could be seen in a rubric?
I. Objective in a high level of cognitive behavior
II. Multiple criteria in assessing learning
III. Quantitative descriptions of the quality work
IV. Qualitative descriptions of the quality work
I and II only
II, III and IV only
I, II and III
I, II, III and IV
25. The pupils are to be judged individually on their mastery of the singing of the national anthem and so their teacher let them sing individually. What should the teacher use in rating the performance of the pupils considering the fact that the teacher has only one period to spend in evaluating her 20 pupils?
A. Analytic
b. Holistic
c. Either holistic or analytic
d. Both holistic and analytic
Answers: 1C 2D 3B 4B 5C 6D 7C 8A 9C 10D 11A 12B 13B 14A 15A 16A 17B 18D 19C 20C 21B 22C 23B 24B 25B
PART III- ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS
Direction: Enhance your test taking skills by answering the items below. Write only the letter of the best answer.
1. Mrs. Pua is judging the worth of the project of the students in her Science class based on a set of criteria. What process describes what she is doing?
Testing
Measuring
Evaluating
Assessing
2. Mrs. Acebuche is comparing measurement. Which statement explains the difference?
a. Measurement is assigning a numerical value to a given trait while evaluation is giving meaning to the numerical value of trait
b. Measurement is the process of gathering data while assessment is the process of quantifying the data gathered.
c. Measurement is the process of quantifying data while evaluation is the process of organizing data.
d. Measurement is the pre-requisite of assessment while evaluation is the pre-requisite of testing.
3. Ms. Ricafort uses alternative methods of assessment. Which of the following will she NOT likely use?
a. Multiple Choice Tests
b. Reflective Journal Writing
c. Oral Presentation
d. Developing Portfolios
4. Ms. Camba aims to measure a product of learning. Which of these objectives will she most likely set for her instruction?
a. Show a positive attitude towards learning common nouns
b. Identify common nouns in reading selection
c. Construct a paragraph using common nouns
d. Use a common noun in a sentence
5. The students of Mrs. Valino are very noisy. To keep them busy, they are given any test available in the classroom and then the results were graded as a way to punish them. Which statement best explains if the practice is acceptable or not?
a. The practice is acceptable because the students behaved well when they were given test.
b. The practice is not acceptable because it violates the principle of reliability.
c. The practice is not acceptable because it violates the principle of validity
d. The practice is acceptable since the test results are graded
6. Ms. Delos Angeles advocates assessment FOR learning. Which will her not likely to do?
a. Formative Assessment
b. Diagnostic Assessment
c. Placement Assessment
d. Summative Assessment
7. At the beginning of the school year, the 6-year old pupils were tested to find out who among them can already read. The result was used to determine their sections. What kind of test was given to them?
a. Diagnostic
b. Formative
c. Placement
d. Summative
8. The grade six pupils were given a diagnostic test in addition and subtraction of whole numbers to find out if they can proceed to the next unit. However, the results of the test were very low. What should the teacher do?
a. Proceed to the next lesson to be able to finish all the topics in the course.
b. Construct another test parallel to the given test to determine the consistency of the scores.
c. Count the frequency of errors to find out the lessons that the majority of students need to relearn.
d. Record the scores then inform the parents about the very poor performance of their child in Mathematics.
9. Mrs. Nogueras is doing an assessment OF learning. At what stage of instruction should she do it?
a. Before instruction
b. After Instruction
c. Prior to Instruction
d. During the Instruction Process
10. Mr. Cartilla developed an Achievement Test in Math for her grade three pupils. Before she finalized the test, she examined carefully if the test items were constructed based on the competencies that have to be tested. What test of validity was she trying to establish?
a. Content- validity
b. Concurrent-validity
c. Predictive-validity
d. Construct-validity
11. Mrs. Robles wants to establish the reliability of her achievement test in English. Which of the following activities will help achieve her purpose?
a. Administer two parallel tests to different groups of students.
b. Administer two equivalent tests to the same group of students.
c. Administer a single test but to two different groups of students.
d. Administer two different tests but to the same group of students.
Refer to the situation below in answering items 12-13
A teacher set the following objectives for the day’s lesson. At the end of the period, the students should be able to:
Identify the parts of a friendly letter
Construct a friendly letter using the MS Word
Snow interest towards the day’s lesson
To assess the attainment of the objectives, Ms. Cidro required the students to construct a friendly letter and have it encoded at their Computer Laboratory using the MS Word. The letter should inform one’s friend about what one has learned in the day’s lesson and how one felt about it.
12. Which is NOT true about the given case?
a. Ms. Cidro practices a balanced assessment
b. Ms. Cidro’s assessment method is performance-based
c. Ms. Cidro needs a rubric in scoring the work of the students
d. Ms. Cidro’s assessment targets are all in the cognitive domain
13. If Mr. Paraiso will have to make a scoring rubric for the student’s output, what format is better to construct considering that the teacher has limited time to evaluate their work?
a. Analytic Rubric
b. Holistic rubric
c. Either A or B
d. Neither A nor B
14. The school principal has 3 teacher applicants all of whom graduated from the same institution and are all licensed teachers. She only needs to hire one. What should she do to choose the best teacher from the three?
I. Give them placement test.
II. Interview them on why they want to apply in the school.
III. Let them demonstrate how to teach a particular lesson
IV. Study their portfolios to examine the qualities of the students’ outputs when they were in College.
I and II
II and III
I, III and IV
II, III and IV
15 What should be done first when planning for a performance-based assessment?
Determine the “table of specifications” of the tasks
Set the competency to be assessed.
Set the criteria in scoring the task
Prepare a scoring rubric.
16. To maximize the amount of the time spent for performance-based assessment, which one should be done?
a. Plan a task that can be used for instruction and assessment at the same time.
b. Assess one objective for one performance task.
c. Set objectives only for cognitive domains.
d. Limit the task to one meeting only.
17. Who among the teachers below gave the most authentic assessment task for the objective “solve word problems involving the four basic operations?
a. Mrs. Juliano who presented a word problem involving the four fundamental operations and then asked the pupils to solve it.
b. Mrs. Mandia who asked her pupils to construct a word problem for a given number sentence that involves four fundamental operations and then asked them to solve the word problem constructed.
c. Mrs. Malang who asked her pupils to construct any word problem that involves the four fundamental operations and then asked them to show how to solve it.
d. Mrs. Pontipedra who asked her pupils to construct any word problem that involves the four fundamental operations then formed them by twos so that each pair exchanged problems and helped solve each other’s problem.
18. Which is WRONG to assume about traditional assessment?
a. It can assess individuals objectively.
b. It can assess individuals at the same time.
c. It is easier to administer than performance test.
d. It can assess fairly all the domains of intelligence of an individual.
19. Which statement about performance-based assessment is FALSE?
a. It emphasizes merely process.
b. It also stresses doing, not only knowing.
c. It accentuates on process as well as product.
d. Essay tests are an example of performance-based assessments.
20. Under what assumption is portfolio assessment based?
a. Portfolio assessment is dynamic assessment.
b. Assessment should stress the reproduction knowledge.
c. An individual learner is adequately characterized by a test score.
d. An individual learner is inadequately characterized by a test score.
21. Which is a good portfolio evidence of a student’s acquired knowledge and writing skills?
a. Project
b. Test Results
c. Reflective Journal
d. Critiqued Outputs
22. When planning in portfolio assessment, which should you do first?
a. Set the targets for portfolio assessment
b. Exhibits one’s work and be proud of one’s collection
c. Select evidences that could be captured in one’s portfolio
d. Reflect on one’s collection and identify strengths and weakness.
23. Which kind of rubric is BEST to use in rating students’ projects done for several days?
a. Analytic
b. Holistic
c. Either holistic or analytic
d. Both holistic and analytic
24. Which is NOT TRUE of an analytic rubric?
a. It is time consuming.
b. It is easier to construct than the holistic rubric.
c. it gives one’s level of performance criterion.
d. It allows one to pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of one’s work
25. Mrs. Bacani prepared a rubric with 5 levels of performance described as 5-excellent, 4-very satisfactory, 3-satisfactory, 2-need improvement, 1-poor. After using this rubric with these descriptions, she found out that poor in their performance had a rating of 3. Even those who are evidently possible error in the use of the rubric?
a. Yes, the teacher could have committed the generosity error.
b. Yes, the teacher could have committed the central tendency source of error.
c. No, it is just common to see more of the students having a grade of 3 in a 5-point scale.
d. No, such result is acceptable as long as it has a positive consequence to the students.
Answers: 1C 2A 3A 4C 5C 6A 7C 8C 9D 10A 11B 12D 13B 14D 15B 16A 17D 18D 19A 20D 21C 22A 23A 24B 25B
PART IV
1. In a positively skewed distribution, the following statement are true except
a. Median is higher than the mode.
b. Mean is higher than the Media.
c. Mean is lower than the Mode.
d. Mean is not lower than the Mode.
2. Which of the following questions indicate a norm - referred interpretation?
a. How does the pupils test performance in our school compare with that of other schools?:
b. How does a pupil's test performance in reading and mathematics compare?
c. What type of remedial work will be most helpful for a slow- learning pupil?
d. Which pupils have achieved master of computational skills?
3. What is the performance of a student in the National Achievement Test (NAT) if he obtained/got a stanine score of 5?
a. Between average and above average
b. Between average and below average
c. Below average
d. Average
4. Based on the figure, which is true about the distribution?
a. Mean=55, median=48, mode=34
b. Mean=46, median=40, mode=37
c. Mean=63, median=63, mode=63
d. The distribution is mesokrutic
5. If quartile deviation is to median, what is to mean?
a. Standard deviation
b. Mode
c. Range
d. Variance
6. In a normal distribution, which of the following is true?
a. median=mode=mean
b. median≠mode=mean
c. median≠mode≠mean
d. Mean=median=mode
7. Which of the following situations may lower the validity of test?
a. Mrs. Josea increases the number of items measuring each specific skill from three to five.
b. Mr. Santosa simplifies the language in the directions for the test.
c. Miss. Lopeza removes the items in the achievement test that everyone would be able to answer correctly.
d. None of the above.
8. In a negatively skewed distribution, which of the following statements is true?
a. Mode is lower than the mean.
b. Mean is lower than the mode.
c. Median is higher than the mode.
d. Mode is lower than the median.
9. In a negatively skewed distribution, the following statements are true EXCEPT?
a. Mean is not higher than the median
b. Median is lower than the mode.
c. Mean is lower than the mode.
d. Mode is less than the median.
10. Miss Cortez administered a test to her class and the result is positively skewed. What kind of test do you think Miss Cortez gave to her pupils?
a. Post test
b. Pretest
c. Mastery test
d. Criterion-referenced test
11. The result of the test given by teacher A showed a negatively skewed distribution. What kind of test did Teacher A give?
a. The test is difficult
b. It is not too easy nor too difficult
c. It is moderately difficult
d. It is easy
12. When the distribution is skewed to the right, what kind of test was administered?
a. Difficult
b. Easy
c. Average/moderately difficult
d. Partly easy- partly difficult
13. In a negatively skewed distribution, what kind of students does Teacher B have?
a. Very good
b. Very poor
c. Average
d. Heterogeneous
14. In a positively skewed distribution, the students are?
a. Very good
b. Very poor
c. Average
d. Normally distributed
15. In a positively skewed distribution, which of the following statements is true?
a. Mode = 67 while Media = 54
b. Median = 53 while Mean = 41
c. Mean = 73 while Mode = 49
d. Median = 34 while Mode = 42
16. Which statements represent criterion-referenced interpretation?
a. Lucresia did better in solving the linear equation than 80% of representative Algebra students.
b. Lucresia's score indicates that she is able to solve about two thirds of all one-variable linear equations of such complexity.
c. Students who have reached Lucresia's level on linear equations usually succeed in the subsequent unit on simultaneous equations with special help or extra time; i.e., Lucresia is ready to move ahead.
d. All of the above
17. Bernard obtained a 97 percentile rank in an aptitude test. This means
a. He answered 97% of the items correctly.
b. He belongs to the 97% of the group who took the test.
c. 79% of the examinees did better than her on the test.
d. He surpassed 97% of those who took the test.
18. Which set of scores has the least variability?
Set 1 0,5,10,15,20
Set 2 25,35,45,55
Set 3 0,2,8,15,20
Set 4 505,501,503
a. Set 1
b. Set 2
c. Set 3
d. Set 4
19. Standard deviation is to variability as mode to?
a. Correlation
b. Discrimination
c. Central tendency
d. Level of difficulty
20. Goring performed better than 65% of the total number of examinees in the district achievement test. What is his percentile rank?
a. P35
b. P65
c. P66
d. P75
21. Which is a guidance function of a test?
a. Identifying pupils who need corrective teaching
b. Predicting success in future academic and vocational education
c. Assigning marks for courses taken
d. Grouping pupils for instruction within a class
22. Mr. Reyes, an elementary school teacher in Science found out that many of his pupils got very high scores in the test. What measure of central tendency should he use to describe their average performance in the subject?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range
23. Which of the following indicates how compressed or expanded the distribution of scores is?
a. Measures of position
b. Measures of central tendency
c. Measures of correlation
d. Measures of variability
24. The proportion passing the upper and lower group is .80 and .95, respectively. What is the index of difficulty?
a. .38
b. .40
c. .58
d. 1.02
25. Mr. Gringo tried to correlate the scores of his pupils in the Social studies test with their grades in the same subject last 3rd quarter. What test validity is he trying to establish?
a. Content validity
b. Construct validity
c. Concurrent validity
d. Criterion related validity
Answers: 1C 2A 3D 4C 5A 6D 7D 8B 9D 10B 11D 12A 13A 14B 15C 16B 17D 18D 19C 20B 21B 22B 23D 24C 25C
PART V
1. If a test item has a difficulty index of 0.06, how would you describe the test item?
a. It is very easy.
b. It is moderately difficulty.
c. It is very difficult
d. It is difficult
2. Two sections have the same mean but the standard deviation of section 2 is higher than section 1. Which of the two sections is more homogeneous?
a. Section 1
b. Section 2
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above
3. Miss Corteza administered a test to her class and the result is positively skewed. What kind of test do you think Miss Corteza gave to her pupils?
a. Posttest
b. Pretest
c. Mastery test
d. Criterion-referenced test
4. In his second item analysis, Mr. Gonzales found out that more from the lower group got the test item 15 correctly. What does this mean?
a. The item has become more valid
b. The item has become more reliable
c. The item has a positive discriminating power
d. The item has a negative discriminating power
5. Q1 is 25th percentile as media is to what percentile?
a. 40th percentile
b. 60th percentile
c. 50th percentile
d. 75th percentile
6. Which is implied by a positively skewed scores distribution?
a. The mean, the median, and the mode are equal.
b. Most of the scores are high
c. Most of the scores are low.
d. The mode is high
7. In a normal distribution curve, what does a T-score of 60 mean?
a. Two SDs below the mean
b. Two SDs below the mean
c. One SD below the mean
d. One SD above the mean
For items 8 to 13, what does each figure/distribution on the right indicate?
8. a. mean > median > mode
b. mean < mode > median
c. mean > mode < median
d. mean < median < mode
9. a. mode < mean < median
b. mode > mean > median
c. median < mode > mean
d. none of the above
10. a. equal means, unequal standard deviations
b. equal means, equal standard deviations
c. unequal means, equal standard deviations
d. unequal means unequal standard deviations
11. a unequal means, equal standard deviations
b. unequal means, equal standard deviations
c. equal means, equal standard deviations
d. equal means, unequal standard deviations
12. a. unequal variability, equal means, different shapes
b. unequal means, equal variability, different shapes
c. equal variability, equal means, different shapes
d. unequal variability, unequal means, different shapes
13. a. unequal means, equal standard deviations
b. equal means, unequal standard deviations
c. equal means, equal standard deviations
d. unequal means, unequal standard deviations
14. In conducting a parent- teacher conference, which of the following is NOT true?
a. Be friendly and informal
b. Be a know-it-all person
c. Be willing to accept suggestions
d. Be careful in giving advice
15. In a frequency distribution, what is the midpoint of the class interval whose lower and upper limits are 99.5 and 109.5?
a. 107.0
b. 105.0
c. 104.5
d. 102.5
16. In a frequency distribution, what is the interval size of the class whose lower and upper limits are 9.5 and 19.5?
a. 11.0
b. 10.0
c. 9.0
d. 5.0
17. Given a mean of 55 and a standard deviation of 8, what two scores include one standard deviation below and above the mean?
a. 46 and 63
b. 47 and 64
c. 47 and 63
d. 46 and 64
18. Given the same mean of 55 and standard deviation of 8, what score corresponds to two standard deviation above the mean?
a. 70
b. 71
c. 72
d. 73
19. What principle of test construction is violated when one places very difficult items at the beginning; thus creating frustration among students particularly those of average ability and below average?
a. All the items of particular type should be placed together in the test.
b. The items should be phrased so that the content rather than the form of the statements will determine the answer.
c. All items should be approximately 50 percent difficulty.
d. The items of any particular type should be arranged in an ascending order of difficulty.
20. Mrs. Reyes would like to find out how well her students know each other. What assessment instrument would best suit her objective?
a. Self-report instrument
b. Sociometric technique
c. Guess-who technique
d. All of the above
21. Mr. Reyes asked his pupils to indicate on the piece of paper the names of their classmates whom they would like to be with for some group activity, what assessment technique did Mr. Reyes use?
a. Self-report technique
b. Guess-who technique
c. Sociometric technique
d. Anecdotal technique
22. Which of the following assessment procedures/tools is useful in assessing social relation skills?
a. Anecdotal record
b. Attitude scale
c. Peer appraisal
d. any of the above
23. If the proportion passing for the upper and lower group is .90 and .30 respectively, what is the discrimination index?
a. .40
b. .50
c. .60
d. .70
24. Which is an example of affective learning outcome?
a. Interpret stimuli from various modalities to provide data needed in making adjustments to the environment
b. Judge problem and issues in terms of situations involved than in terms of fixed dogmatic thinking
c. Appreciate the quality and worth of the story read
d. None of the above
25. Mr. Mirasol who is a high school teacher in English conducted an item analysis of her test. She found out that four of the items of the test obtained the following difficulty and discrimination indices and as follows:
Which of the above items should be discard in her item pool?
a. Item 1
b. Item 2
c. Item 3
d. Item 4
Answers: 1C 2A 3B 4D 5C 6C 7D 8D 9D 10A 11A 12C 13D 14B 15C 16B 17C 18B 19D 20C 21C 22C 23C 24B 25D
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