SOCIAL SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE/SOCIAL STUDIES
REVIEW MATERIAL
TOPICS/NOTES: PHILIPPINE HISTORY
UNDER
IMPERIAL SPAIN
Opening of the World to
European Shipping
Gospel, Gold and Glory—with new types of ships and other navigational
devices, the two Iberian superpowers (PORTUGAL AND SPAIN) pushed through
to their planned discovery of the rest of the world.
Due to the support of
economic elites, they were able to finance discovery travels/reconnaissance
enterprises/maritime discovery.
First discovery: Portugal which sailed via southeastern route
and made breakthrough in
to the Indian ocean
(1488) and ended with the fall of Malacca (1511) and Molucas (1512).
Second: Spain sailed via the western/southwestern
route going to the West Indies (1492) and in the “rediscovery” of the
Philippines.
East meet West
Spice Seekers
(preservation of foods); led to the flow of economic products from Asia to the
cities of Europe; interaction of cultures; intensified European rivalries that
required the intervention of the Pope
Rivalry in Maritime
discovery
Portugal-first to propagate seamanship and
boatbuilding on 1419(school established by Henry “The Navigator”)
-in 1451-1470🡪 it discovered and colonized
all the islands of Azores in the Atlantic—which they used to stage a discovery
of the Americas and circumnavigation of African’s west coast
-end of 15th century🡪 reached the
southernmost end of Africa and later, India—thus winning the spice contest
Spain- through Christopher Columbus made a landfall
in Samana Cay island (Oct 1492-BAHAMAS) and two weeks later, on the coast of
Cuba—however, it generated misapprehension and dispute bet. Portugal and Spain.
King John (Portugal) vs. King Ferdinand II Spain; Pope Alexander VI mediated
and implemented Inter Caetera (gave King Ferninand and Isabella to own
newly discovered lands and Eximiae Devotionis (For the kings of Castile and
Leon to own lands)—gave Spain the right over any lands newly discovered by
Columbus but the Portuguese pushed for a revision.
Solution: Treaty of
Tordesillas (1494)- divided the non-Christian world into two spheres of
influence: Spain (New World) and Portugal (India and Africa)
The Magellan Expedition
Ferdinand Magellan
(Fernao de Magalhaes) was a Portuguese
who served under Spain; had journey to India with Alfonso de Almeida (1505); it
was Ruy Faleiro who egged him to serve Spain
1518-He convinced
Charles V—there is a shorter way to Moluccas (Spice Island)
He sailed from Sanlucar,
Spain with 5 ships and 235 crew; after 98 days in the Pacific ocean, he reached
the Philippines on March 17, 1521. They saw Homonhon island but landed on the
island of Samar. In Cebu, they were accepted by King Humabon and had a blood
compact with the latter. In Mactan, he was killed by Lapu-Lapu (April 28, 1521)
after intervening in the local dispute between Lapu-Lapu and Zula (both
chieftains of Mactan). Dispute: paying tribute to Magellan
Victoria-name of the
ship which went back to Spain (18 Spanish and 4 Malays); some crew men did not
die in battle but in hunger and scurvy
Proved: East Indies
could be reached through the Pacific Ocean; America is a separate land mass
from Asia; the Pacific Ocean was vast; the world is spherical in shape
Maluku (Moluccas) and
the Philippines
Three expeditions
followed Magellan’s: (a) Saavedra Expedition (1527-29), (b) Villalobos
Expedition (1541-46) and (c) Legazpi Expedition (1564)
After Magellan, followed
a sequel under Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (7 ships; 450 crew) in July 1525—it is
pursued to claim Maluku for the Spanish crown but reached Mindanao (1526)
instead. The commanders died in the high seas and were not able to go back to
Spain.
a.
Saavedra- 3 ships with
115 men; instruction (discovery of Mexico-Maluku route via Pacific ocean and
search for survivors of former expeditions; They reached the so called place
Lanuza bay (1528), overlooking Surigao del Sur; Northeastern Mindanao
(Maluarbuco)
b.
Villalobos Expedition
(1542-1546)- six ships and 370 men; left Spain in November 1542; reached
Sarangani island on 1543; was forced to leave Sarangani because of lack of food
supply; surrendered to the Portuguese at Amboina, Maluku—malignant fever;
contribution: naming of Tandaya (Leyte) as Las Phelipinas (from Philip II’s
name)
c.
Legazpi-Urdaneta
Expedition (1564)- 4 ships and 350 men; Feb 5 1565, he reached Cebu and
contracted blood compacts with Si Katunaw (Sikatuna) and Si Gala (Bohol).
Antonio de Urdaneta discovered the “Urdaneta passage” which was used until the
19th C. by Manila-Acapulco Galleon trading
-When they arrived in the Philippines, they were
not welcomed in open arms, for they discovered that Portuguese were already in
the islands identifying themselves as Spaniards and bombarded the natives’
settlements. Thus, they are evil in the eyes of the natives. But, Legazpi and
his men responded bitterly and bombarded all other settlements of the natives,
forcing the latter to go to mountains. But others submitted themselves to the
reign of the Spaniards specifically in Cebu.
Fragmented islands and
barangay units of the Philippines led to the impossibility of effective
collective resistance against Spain.
God, Gold and Glory: Why
the Spaniards conquered the Philippines?
1.
To introduce the
Catholic faith to these islands
2.
To discover a return
route from the Philippine islands to Mexico
3.
To bring honor and glory
to the King of Spain
4.
To bring back to Spain
“some of the wealth found in those places”
Gold and Glory:
MERCANTILISM (The more gold a country has, the more powerful it is, and the
more colonies a country has, the more gold it would have.
Political Institutions
1565-1821-
Captaincy-General (administered by the Spanish king) through the viceroyalty of
Nueva Espana (Mexico). All Spanish possessions were governed by the Royal and
Supreme Council of the Indies (1524). Next: Ministry of Colonies (1863)
National level: Seat of
power (Intramuros) thru Consejo de las Indias
Governor-general
(spokesperson of the king; commander in chief of the army/navy; president of
Suprmee Court/Real Audiencia; vice-real patron—power over ecclesiastical
appointments); 40,000/year
Provincial level
(alcadia, provincial/hukuman): Alcalde mayor (provincial governor) has
executive, judicial and trade privileges—pacified areas P300-P2000
Corregimientos (unpacified areas:
Mariveles, Mindor and Panay) –led by Corregidores
End of the 17th
C.’s six cities/villas: (a) Manila, (b) Villa Fernandina (Vigan), (c) Nueva
Segovia (Lallo-Cagayan), (d) Nueva Caceres (Naga), Cebu and Arevalo
(Villa/Iloilo)—these were governed by ayuntamiento (city government- 1889)
Residencia and Visita
(Check and Balance)
Residencia- check abuse
of power among officials; judicial review supervised publicly
Visita- investigation of
the whole captaincy-general
Filipino
Bureaucrats
Municipal level:
Gobernadorcillo (later became capitan municipal in 1894)- headed a
pueblo/municipalia; Qualifications: Any Filipino, Chinese or mestizo, 25 yrs
old, literate in oral and written Spanish and a former cabeza de barangay (4
years); highest position for Indios; P24
Duties: a.
preparation of pardon list
b. recruitment and distribution of men for labor
c. communal public work
d. military conscription
e. postal clerk
f. judge in civil suits
Barangay level:
Cabeza de Barangay; main role: tax and contribution collector
Amalgamation of Church
and State
Meddling of the Catholic
Church in state matters has its roots in 19th C.
Anti-friar demonstration
(March 1,1888)
Frailocracy- the
Philippines was reigned by the manipulative hands of the friars
They control education;
has economic power through their haciendas.
“They are not just the
parish priest of churches, but in effect were rulers of municipalities.”
1896-98—967 regulars and
675 seculars
Most persistent
complaint against them: economic role as landowners.
This is the reason why
Philippine revolution centered on the areas with their haciendas.
INSTITUTIONAL
IMPACT OF SPANISH RULE
1565- barangay
settlements (ilaya and ilawod)
Encomienda system- it
was a grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniards to exercise
control over a specific place including its inhabitants
-commanded
encomenderos to collect and encourage all the scattered Filipinos to live
together in a reduccion (resettlement)
Reduccion- is a
“civilizing” device of the Spaniards; plaza complex
The courageous
unbelievers who rejected Spanish reign went to the hills and became the
“remontados,” “ladrones” and tulisanes in the eyes of the Spaniards.
POLITICAL INSTITUTION
External changes:
construction of colonial churches and convents out of stone
Building of private
homes
New products: corn,
camote, cassava etc (came from Mexico)
Internal changes:
integration of Spanish customs and values
Christianity
Castilian
language—blended in the local culture
INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT OF
SPANISH RULE
Linear/Nucleated
barangay settlements 🡪 Reduccion
It was the role of the
missionaries and encomenderos.
1580- Franciscan Fr.
Juan de Plasencia proposed the reduccion plan
Pueblos where the church
and convent would be constructed.
Convento/Casa real/Plaza
Complex – focal point
It is a civilizing
device to make the Filipinos law-abiding citizens of the Spanish crown—and to
make them little brown Spaniards.
Remontados/Cimmarones/Ladrones/Tulisanes-
Filipinos who rejected Spanish domination and went to the hills
Another strategy:
Christian rites and rituals
Influences:
a.
Construction of colonial
churches and convents made of stones
b.
Building of private
homes (cal y canto or lime and mortar) with wide azotea
c.
Mexican ethnobotanic
specimens: corn, camote, cassava, tobacco etc
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
1.
Taxation without
Representation
a.
Tribute- paid in cash or
in kind 8 reales🡪 15 reales; 1884- cedula personal (present resident
tax); 1 real = 12 ½ cents
b.
Samboangan/Donativo de
Zamboanga and Vinta/Falua- ½ real to crush the Moro; equip vintas to shield the
coastal areas of Bulacan and Pampanga
c.
Bandala- annual enforced
sale or requisitioning of goods—rice or coconut oil
2.
Polo y Servicio Personal
-came from the word “pulong”- community labor
-Filipino or Chines males (16-60 y/o) for 40
days in a year
-exemption (pay falla-1 ½ real daily)
Impacts:
a.
Upsetting the village
economy
b.
Forced separation from
family
c.
Decimation of male
population
3.
Encomiendas
-from the Spanish word encomendar (to entrust)
-grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious
Spaniard to exercise control over a place including its inhabitants;
duty-bound: a. defend his encomienda, b. keep peace and order, c. assist
missionaries in teaching the gospel
-encomendero has the right to impose tribute
Two kinds of encomiendas:
a.
Royal/Crown- lands
reserved for the crown: principal towns like Bagumbayan etc
b.
Private encomiendas-
granted to individuals who were either the King’s protégés or men who served
with merit during the pacification campaigns
Given the vast reach of
their power, some of them violated regulations by raising their inhabitants’
tribute
4.
Manila-Acapulco Galleon
Trade (1565-1815)
-consist of two vessels (incoming and
outgoing)
-beneficiaries: Spanish governor, members of
consulado, Spanish residents in Manila
-coming of Chinese immigrants (1837)
- put up retail and small credit businesses in
Parian🡪Binondo. (1687)
5.
Infrastructure,Telecommunications
and Public Utilities Development-
-Ferrocarril de Manila- only railway line in the
Archipelago
-Compania de los Tranvias de Filipinas- transpo
company with five street car service lines
-Telephone started functioning in 1890-linited
scale: 170 clients
-Public Lighting System in Manila- used coconut
oil as early as 1814
-Sta. Cruz, Binondo, Quiapo, San Miguel and
Sampaloc
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
1.
La Letra Con Sangre
Entra- use children in the belief that “they would learn our alphabet,
language, Christian doctrine and customs, policies and transmit them in the
towns afterwards.
2.
Boy’s Colleges and
Secondary Schools
Jesuits:
-early schools for Spaniards are built by the
Society of Jesus: Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio, Colegio of San Ildefonso
(Univ. of San Carlos),
-College of San Ignacio’s two kinds of training:
(a) priesthood and (b) general secondary education (Latin, philosophy, canon
and civil law and rhetoric)
-College of Immaculate Conception (Ateneo)
Dominicans offered tertiary education for boys
and girls.
Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo
Rosario- UST today
3.
Girls’ School
Colegio of Santa Potenciana and Colegio of Santa
Isabel- first boarding schools for Spanish girls
Beaterios- exclusive colegios for upper-class
Spanish girls
Classes: 7:00-10:00 and 2:30 to 5:00
Curriculum: Christian doctrine, morality, rules
of courtesy, vocal music and Spanish language
Rizal believed that “the cause of our
backwardness and ignorance is the lack of means of education, the vice that
afflicts us from the beginning until the end of our careers”
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS
-Adaption of Hispanic
names
-Bahay kubo to bahay na
bato
-Foreign cuisine were
indigenized
-Clothing (kanggan and
bahag to barong tagalog and camisa de chino) , hats, slippers/shoes etc
-Fiestas- became potent
allurements for unchristianized people
-Compadrazgo-
co-parenthood ritual-Public Cemeteries
CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
Baybayin🡪 Latin
alphabet , Visual Arts
Music and instruments
and Theocentric literature
FROM INDIO TO
FILIPINO
Since the settlement of
Spaniards in the Philippines, pockets of resistance burst into a national
struggle in 1898—Philippine Revolution.
October 1889- Ilustrados
called themselves “Filipinos”
Categories of Revolts:
1.
Personal and
Religious-led by datus/ babaylans/katalonans
2.
Resistance to oppressive
Spanish introduced economic as well as religious institutions
3.
Land problems
Personal Motives
-Former Datus who lost
their power and prestige
-Spaniards have
appointed various people to lead the established communities.
-Some Datus even helped
in the colonization process, thus they are given privileges (exemption from
taxes) i.e. Rajah Tupaz of Cebu, Lakandula of Manila
-Babaylans: Tamblot and
Tapar
-Personal
vendetta/revenge pushed for uprisings
A.
Personal
and Religious-led by datus/ babaylans/katalonans
1574- Lakandula and
Soliman’s revolt against Lavezares’ leadership: sequestered land properties,
tolerated encomenderos’ abuses and oppression of their people
1587-88- “Conspiracy of
the Maharlikas”; led by kin-related Datus of Manila, Bulacan and
Pampanga—Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan
1621-22- Tamblot of
Bohol—he allured people to leave Catholicism and go back to animism; it was
followed by Bankaw’s resistance
1623- Tapar of Iloilo
proclaimed as “God Almighty”
1744-1829- Dagohoy
revolt (cabeza de Barangay in Bohol); personal vendetta—Fr. Morales’ refusal to
give Dagohoy’s brother a Christian burial
1762- Manila was
surrendered to the British by the Spaniards, which showed that Spaniards are
really weak
1832-1841- Ermano
Apolinario Dela Cruz’ Confradia de San Jose
B. Resistance to Spanish-imposed Institutions
-taxation, forced labor,
galleon trade, indulto de comercio and monopolies were the persistent irritants
that caused Filipinos to revolt
1. Magalat (Tuguegarao,
Cagayan)
-in opposition to the illicit tribute collection
-he was assassinated by co-members
2. Caraga revolts
-unjust collection of tributes
3. Juan Ponce SUmodoy
(Samar)
-reaction to Governor Diego Fajardo’s order of
shifting recruitment of the polo y servicios personales from Luzon to Visayas
to relieve the Tagalogs in building galleon ships and warships in Cavite
4. Magtangaga revolt
-poverty and
exploitation of the alcalde mayor caused this revolt—alongside with Itawis and
Gaddangs (3,000 men
5.Juan Caragay (Dagupan)
-unlawful collection of tribute and draft labor
6.Palaris Rebellion
(Juan dela Cruz Palaris at San Carlos City)
-excessive collection of tribute
7. Diego SIlang (1762)
-against exaction of the comun (annual tribute of one
real), rafting polistas and other practices by Zabala (new alcalde mayor)
-he joined forces with the British and was given the
title “Don Diego SIlang;” he was even recognized as the leader of Ilocos
government
8. Maria Josefa Gabriela
de Silang (was executed on 1763)
1880s was characterized
by peasant unrest.
Failure of the Revolts
-No sense of national
unity
-Wide communication gap
(different dialects)
Filipino Nationalism:
Decelerators
-Meaning of nationalism?
-Las Islas Filipinos/as-
Philippines
-Filipinos- Spaniards
born in the Philippines
-Indio- indigenous
people
-Indios became Filipinos
in the late 1890s
-Divide and rule policy,
advanced military technology of the Spanish colonial government and Filipinos’
disunity proved that the latter’s efforts were futile.
Filipino Nationalism:
Accelerators
-transferring of
political ideologies and technology from Europe
-disenchanment with
Spain
Changes:
-opening of the
Philippines to world trade
-rise of clase media
-European liberalism
-racial discrimination
-secularization
-Spanish revolution
THE CAMPAIGN
FOR REFORMS
Nationalism –love for
one’s country and devotion to its unity , interest and independence
Significance of Early
Revolts- rise of dynamic nationalism
Opening of the
Philippines to World Trade
Rise of Liberalism in
Europe
Because of liberalism,
policy in the Philippines was changed. Philippines was opened to the world for
trading. The Spanish colonial government opened different ports: Iloilo,
Zamboanga and Cebu. Filipinos, Spanish and Chinese nationals became owners of lands
which are producing export crops, became export-import merchants and middlemen.
The middle class emerged and were able to send their children to Europe to
study.
Opening of Suez
Canal
1869- it was opened; it
shortened the distance between the Philippines and Europe. The improvement of
transportation and communication brought the Philippines closer to Spain and
the rest of the world. Liberal-minded Europeans influenced the Filipinos,
specifically the Ilustrados.
Influx of Liberal ideas
The opening of the
Philippines and Suez Canal paved the way not just economic prosperity, but also
liberal ideas. All these ideas were seen in printed media which reached the
minds of young Filipinos (i.e. Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract, John
Locke’s Two Treaties of Government). Some writings were also about the French
and American revolutions that freed them from the hands of their masters. And
these ideas opened the curious minds of the Filipinos about their colonization.
They realized their needs for reform.
The Role of the Middle
Class
-composed of the Spanish
and Chinese mestizos who benefited in the economic development of the
Philippines
-they are obviously
below the insulares and peninsulares
-torn between the
discriminatory eyes of the Spaniards and suspicion by natives; but the middle
class chose to side to the lesser evil—the natives
Children of the clase
media were sent to Europe and called themselves Ilustrados.
The Nature of the Reform
Movement
Middle class denounced
Spanish abuses and asked Spain to make the Philippines a province of
Spain.
They believe that being
Spanish citizens would be better off than anything.
They could be
represented in the Spanish Cortes and participate in the approval of
laws.
EQUAL RIGHTS AND
PRIVILEGES.
They believed in the
powers of words and not of sword.
Spanish Revolution of
1868
The autocratic rule of
Queen Isabella II brought Spain into trouble. Spanish patriots were sent to the
Philippines.
Cavite Mutiny of 1871
-Mutiny of the Cavite
soldiers and workers led by La Madrid, a Filipino sergeant—about exemption of
forced labor and tribute
-This was the mutiny
which was said to be instigated by the Gomburza.
The GOMBURZA
They were charged of
treason, sedition and illicit association.
February 17, 1872-they
were garrotted
Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, Jacinto Zamora’s execution was a turning point to Phil. History—it led
to the reform movement.
Propaganda Movement
Leaders: exiles,
students abroad, proletariat
Rizal, M.H. Del Pilar
anf G.L. Jaena (The Triumvirate)
Discussions on political
reforms happened in the different parts of the world, where exiles were
placed.
Aims: securing
reforms:
FOR THE PHILIPPINES TO
BE A PROVINCE OF SPAIN;
EQUAL RIGHTS AND
PRIVILEGES;
HAVE A REPRESENTATIVE TO
THE CORTES
The Great Reformists:
A.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
-Jaro, Iloilo
-studied at the Seminary of Jaro but went out
-wrote Fray Botod—ignorance, abuses and
immorality of a certain named Botod (means fat in Hiligaynon an d Tagalog slang
of “botyog”)
-enrolled in University of Valencia and
transferred to Madrid
-editor of La Solidaridad (published news,
essays and articles about the Philippines)
-he was a great orator
-he died due to Tubercolosis on January 20, 1896
B. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
-political analyst
-Kupang, Bulacan, Bulacan
-studied at College of San Jose and UST, where
he finished law (1880)
-sense of justice
-he was a master of Tagalog
-founded Diariong Tagalog
-1888- he wrote pamphlets that exposing the
abuses of friars; ridiculed Rodriguez
-he wrote different parodies of prayer books and
prayers
-became the editor of the Sol in 1889
-under his leadership, Sol had many aims:
(a) removal of the friars abd the secularization
of the parishes
(b) active participation in the affairs of the
government
(c) freedom of speech, press and assembly
(d) wider social and political freedom
(e) assimilation
(f) representation in the Spanish Cortes
-died on July 4, 2896
C. Jose P. Rizal
La Solidaridad- organ of the Propaganda
Hispano-Filipino
Association
The Role of Masonry
Failure of the
Propaganda Movement
Reasons:
a.
Do not yield any
tangible result in the form of changes in Phil gov’t
b.
Societies established in
the Phils. Whose purpose was to campaign for reforms did not have sufficient
means with which to carry out their aims
c.
Propagandists were
divided against themselves by petty jealousies
La Liga Filipina- peaceful civic organization founded by Jose
Rizal on July 1892; its constitution was written in Hongkong
Aims: (a) unite the whole archipelago for
mutual protection,
(b)
defense against all violence and injustice
(c)
encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce
(d) study of application of reforms
Because of this, Rizal was arrested by saying that
LLF was dangerous and seditious. Despujol ordered Rizal’s deportation to
Dapitan.
Prelude to Revolution: Economic Institutions, Racial Discrimination
BONIFACIO AND
THE KATIPUNAN
Katipunan Government
Intention: to govern the
whole country after overthrowing the Spanish colonial government
Aims:
a.
Political: Separation
from Spain
b.
Moral: revolve around
the teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism,
religious fanaticism and the weakness of character
c.
Civil: principle of
self-help and the defense of the poor and oppressed
It is consists
of: Kataas-taasang Sanggunian- composed of a president, fiscal, treasurer,
secretary and councilors
Katipunan Assembly- legislative body; consists
of KS; Provincial (Sangguniang Bayan) and the Municipal councils (Sangguniang
Balangay)
Sangguniang Hukuman or Black Chamber- where
serious cases were decided on; Bonifacio, Jacinto and Valenzuela
Former Presidents:
Deodato Arellano and Roman Basa—both inactive leaders
January, 1895- Bonifacio
became the Supremo
Katipunan Press and
Literature
Francisco Del Castillo
and Candido Iban- donated 1000 to buy an old hand press
Kalayaan-organ of
Katipunan in printing articles
Discovery of the
Katipunan
Because of Teodoro
Patino who spilled the secret society to his sister, Honoria who is a
nun—living in an Augustinian College for girls in Mandaluyong. She revealed it
to her Mother superior and encouraged Patino to make his confessions to Fr. Gil
of Tondo. Together with the Spanish soldiers, Fr. Gil went to the shop of
Diario de Manila and he found paraphernalia for Kalayaan. Starting that day,
suspected Katipuneros were arrested and Katipunan’s documents and arms were
also confiscated.
Cry of Balintawak 🡪
Cry of Pugadlawin
August 26, 1896-
Bonifacio along with other Katipuneros proclaimed war against Spain. It is the
mark of the beginning of the Philippine revolution.
Every Katipunero in all
municipalities fled to the hills of Balintawak.
Structure:
Teodoro Plata- Chief of Staff
Emilio Jacinto and Aguedo Del Rosario- Division
Generals
Pio Valenzuela- Chief of Medical Corps
First cry of
Revolution—they tore their cedula personal and shouted “Long Live
Philippine Independence.” Bonifacio felt that they are hopeless because of the
arms they have compared to the advanced armaments of their enemies—thus, they
retreated to Balara. More Filipinos
joined Katipunan, but more Spanish infantry reinforcements arrived—outnumbering
the former. Tagalog region was declared under martial law: Manila, Bulacan,
Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Cavite and Batangas. After the
discovery of Katipunan, there was a reign of terror.
Governor Blanco-liberal
leader; used policy of attraction to win Filipinos
When Polavieja replaced
Blanco, he set “blood and iron” policy against the Katipuneros. During his
term, thousands of Filipinos were executed, including Rizal. He was succeeded
by Primo De Vera-who is also a militarist.
This rivalry led to the
division of Katipunan: Magdalo and Magdiwang.
BONIFACIO AND
THE KATIPUNAN
-had its members’ pseudonyms (Bonifacio 🡪 May
Pag-asa)
-Katipun, Anak ng Bayan,
Gomburza, Bayani and Rizal—passwords of the Katipunan
Supreme Council
(Kataas-taasang Sanggunian)-
central government which is consist of the president, fiscal, treasurer,
secretary and councilors.
Katipunan Assembly –legislative body
Has Provincial and
Municipal councils
Sangguniang
Hukuman- court that deals with cases involving members; the “Black
Chamber”
Presidents of
Katipunan:
1.
Deodato Arellano-
brother in law od M.H. Del Pilar; educated but inactive
2.
Roman Basa
3.
Bonifacio as the
Supremo- January 1895
Andres Bonifacio- Father
of Katipunan, The Great Plebeian
Personal aim: win the revolution
-also a writer
-executed by Aguinaldo’s signature
-he inspired the unified fight for freedom (rich,
masses etc)
Emilio Jacinto- “Utak ng
Katipunan”
-wisest Katipunero
-he gave Katipunan sublime ideals and lofty teachings
-he wrote the Kartilla—bible of the Katipunan
-writer of poems and prose
-founded the organ “Kalayaan”
Pio Valenzuela
-wrote the aims of the Katipunan
-member of the “Black Chamber”
-writer
-active soldier
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
-President of the First Philippine Republic
- bourgeoisie
-undisputed leader of the Revolution
-was captured at Palanan, Isabela
Antonio Luna
-Spanish prisoner and exiled to Spain
-became a general under Aguinaldo’s government
-talented and skilled general
-General of War
-killed by soldiers of Aguinaldo
Gregorio Del Pilar
-one of the youngest generals of the
Philippines
-hero of Tirad Pass
-
Apolinario Mabini
-“Sublime Paralytic”
-patriot of ideals
-utak ng rebolusyon
-he was behind Aguinaldo’s government; wrote the
government’s manifesto
Melchora Aquino
-guarding the secret of papers, recruiting members,
and preparing their foods; treats harmed Katipuneros
Katipunan Press and
Literature
“Kalayaan-” was
funded by Visayan supporters, Francisco Del Castillo and Candido Iban (1,000);
had been installed in few different place to lure Spaniards
Denunciation of
Katipunan Plot- Several denunciations
of parish priests in Manila and Cavite were made about the secret societies,
even the recruitment and such. Fr. Mariano Gil of Tondo reported it to Gov.
Gen. Jose Blanco.
Discovery of the
Katipunan
-Because of Teodoro
Patino—who spilled his secret to his nun sister🡪 Mother superior 🡪
Fr. Mariano Gil of Tondo
-stated that 1500 armed
men were meeting the mountains of San Mateo and the sumuggling of Arms from
Japan
-Since that time, all
alleged Katipuneros were captured in their houses
Cry of Pugadlawin- The
news on the discovery
Reform Movement 🡪
KKK 🡪 Biak na Bato Republic 🡪 Malolos Republic 🡪
Guerrilla Mov’t
BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC
The election during the
Tejeros Convention was declared to be null and void by the troops of Bonifacio,
but not by Aguinaldo.
Elected officials pushed
through to the establishment of a revolutionary government, THUS CREATED BIAK
NA BATO REPUBLIC
Content:
800,000 – surrender of
armed Filipino men
900,000 – civil
population
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
a.
Cuban struggle for
independence
b.
Extension of
Influence
c.
Sinking of Maine- US
warship
d.
Calling McKinley a
“weakling”
THE BIRTH OF A NATION
June 12, 1898 –
Aguinaldo declared independence in Kawit; use of the Philippine flag; played
the Philippine anthem
August 1, 1898 –
first convention of municipal presidents; independence day was ratified
Battle of Manila
Dewey’s ship bombarded
Fort San Antonio Abad 🡪 Spanish troops surrendered at 11:20 am
🡪 Filipinos were
excluded in the surrender of the Spaniards 🡪 Americans established a
military government
Fall of Manila
US’ Senate decided to
occupy the Philippines 🡪 Treaty of Paris: $20M in exchange to the
control of Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico
Malolos Republic
August 22, 1898 –
Aguinaldo commanded the transfer of the government’s seat of power from Bacoor,
Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan (Malolos Cathedral as Palacio Presidencial)
September 15, 1898 – Revolutionary
Congress with festivities (winning time of the Filipinos); adopted the form of
Spanish Cortes
January 21, 1899 – President
Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the fundamental law of the
land; Had El Heraldo de la Revolucion as the official organ of the
Republic to disseminate its ideals to the people.
AMERICAL
RULE
War of Philippine
Independence from the US
President Aguinaldo
proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the fundamental law of the land
Had El Heraldo de la
Revolucion as the official organ of the Republic to disseminate its ideals
to the people.
Benevolent Assimilation
Take note: There is an
effort pushed by Malolos Republic to request a cease-fire but got rejected
Paterno Cabinet (Peace Cabinet)
Consists of Pedro
Paterno, Ambrosio Bautista and Felipe Buencamino who wanted the American offer
of autonomy, not independence
Aguinaldo’s Escape
Aguinaldo took the oath
of allegiance
Pacificados
Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera-President
Aim: For the Philippines
to be a part of US
(They were called as
“Americanistas” or pro-Americans)
A Government under
America
Responsibility: To help
the Filipinos put up a civilian government
Accomplishments:
a.
Establishment of a high
school system
b.
Sale of huge tracts of
friar lands
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